Mechanisms of fungal dissemination

Strickland, Ashley B.; Shi, Meiqing

doi:10.1007/s00018-020-03736-z

Cited by 71 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 234 publications

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“…The primary mechanism of dissemination is via invasion of arterioles with dissemination of hyphal fragments to distant tissues. There is evidence of a second “Trojan horse” mechanism, in which Aspergillus use monocytes to be transported to lymph nodes and then disseminate hematogenously 19 . In this case, the involvement of the RPLN confirmed the presence of DIA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…Aspergillus species are angiotropic and have an affinity for host vasculature 19 . The primary mechanism of dissemination is via invasion of arterioles with dissemination of hyphal fragments to distant tissues.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, because of its proximity to the sella turcica, the meningeal lesion alternatively could have also arisen by direct extension from a nidus of infection in the sphenoid sinus. The sphenoid sinuses were not specifically examined at postmortem because they were clear of involvement on previous CT examinations (Figure 2B), thus this possibility this cannot be excluded 19 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Disseminated invasive aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus felis in a cat

Cormack

Donahoe

Talbot

et al. 2021

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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A 2‐year‐old male desexed Ragdoll cat with a 1‐year history of sneezing and nasal discharge presented with a large subcutaneous cervical mass, identified as the right medial retropharyngeal lymph node on computed tomography (CT). A right orbital mass, destructive sino‐nasal cavity disease and multiple pulmonary nodules were also identified. Aspergillus felis was cultured from the lymph node. After treatment with posaconazole and liposomal amphotericin B the lymph node enlargement and orbital mass resolved but left frontal sinus involvement and pulmonary lesions persisted despite additional caspofungin therapy. The cat was euthanized 14 months after diagnosis with dysphagia and chronic progressive exophthalmos. A meningeal granuloma with intravascular fungal hyphae was identified at post‐mortem and A felis was cultured from the left frontal sinus and a right retrobulbar fungal granuloma. This case demonstrates that disseminated disease is a possible sequel to invasive fungal rhinosinusitis caused by A felis in cats.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Disseminated invasive aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus felis in a cat

Cormack

Donahoe

Talbot

et al. 2021

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…A. fumigatus is the most frequent opportunistic pathogenic species of the genus Aspergillus by far, responsible for about 90% of the cases of Aspergillus diseases ( 43 ). A. fumigatus is abundant in the environment, releasing spores (conidia) which are inhaled.…”

Section: Mcs and Fungimentioning

confidence: 99%

The Emerging Role of Mast Cells in Response to Fungal Infection

Song

Liu

et al. 2021

Front. Immunol.

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Mast cells (MCs) have been considered as the core effector cells of allergic diseases. However, there are evidence suggesting that MCs are involved in the mechanisms of fungal infection. MCs are mostly located in the border between host and environment and thus may have easy contact with the external environmental pathogens. These cells express receptors which can recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns such as Toll-like receptors (TLR2/4) and C-type Lectins receptors (Dectin-1/2). Currently, more and more data indicate that MCs can be interacted with some fungi (Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Sporothrix schenckii). It is demonstrated that MCs can enhance immunity through triggered degranulation, secretion of cytokines and chemokines, neutrophil recruitment, or provision of extracellular DNA traps in response to the stimulation by fungi. In contrast, the involvement of MCs in some immune responses may lead to more severe symptoms, such as intestinal barrier function loss, development of allergic bronchial pulmonary aspergillosis and increased area of inflammatory in S. schenckii infection. This suggests that MCs and their relevant signaling pathways are potential treatment regimens to prevent the clinically unwanted consequences. However, it is not yet possible to make definitive statements about the role of MCs during fungal infection and/or pathomechanisms of fungal diseases. In our article, we aim to review the function of MCs in fungal infections from molecular mechanism to signaling pathways, and illustrate the role of MCs in some common host-fungi interactions.

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“…Moreover, the catalytic residues are located centrally in the cleft with the carboxyl side chains and surrounding main chain scaffolding related by an approximate twofold interdomain axis [71]. The cryptococcal serine-based protease(s) are, at present, unnamed [72]. It is plausible that, like other serine-based proteases, this cryptococcal protease is similarly organised with serine as the nucleophilic amino acid in the active site.…”

Section: Possible Role Of Cryptococcal Proteases In Promoting Brain Invasion In the Context Of Co-infection With Sars-cov-2mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Possible Role of Microbial Proteases in Facilitating SARS-CoV-2 Brain Invasion

Mjokane

Folorunso

Ogundeji

et al. 2021

Biology

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SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to display proclivity towards organs bearing angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2) expression cells. Of interest herein is the ability of the virus to exhibit neurotropism. However, there is limited information on how this virus invades the brain. With this contribution, we explore how, in the context of a microbial co-infection using a cryptococcal co-infection as a model, SARS-CoV-2 could reach the brain. We theorise that the secretion of proteases by disseminated fungal cells might also activate the S2 domain of the viral spike glycoprotein for membrane fusion with brain endothelial cells leading to endocytosis. Understanding this potential invasion mechanism could lead to better SARS-CoV-2 intervention measures, which may also be applicable in instances of co-infection, especially with protease-secreting pathogens.

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Mechanisms of fungal dissemination

Cited by 71 publications

References 234 publications

Disseminated invasive aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus felis in a cat

Disseminated invasive aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus felis in a cat

The Emerging Role of Mast Cells in Response to Fungal Infection

The Possible Role of Microbial Proteases in Facilitating SARS-CoV-2 Brain Invasion

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