Mechanisms of Graphene Growth on Metal Surfaces: Theoretical Perspectives

Wu, Ping; Zhang, Wenhua; Li, Zhenyu; Yang, Jinlong

doi:10.1002/smll.201303680

Cited by 79 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 120 publications

(231 reference statements)

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“…Several notable findings have been reported already [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]: Carbon monomers reside stably at subsurface sites of copper [19], and they form a metal bridged intermediate prior to producing a carbon-carbon bond [20]; The carbon clusters in the earlier nucleation stage take linear forms rather than ring structures [24]; The graphene edges are terminated not only by surface copper atoms but also by additional copper ad-atoms, which may facilitate carbon atom reactions at graphene edges [23]; Carbon monomers can diffuse in the copper subsurface, but a surface terminated graphene edge blocks the diffusion, leading to the carbon atom incorporation to the edge [25]. (Theoretical studies are reported for the precursor decomposition processes as well, see refs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

A first principles study on the CVD graphene growth on copper surfaces: A carbon atom incorporation to graphene edges

et al. 2016

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

A first principles study on the CVD graphene growth on copper surfaces: A carbon atom incorporation to graphene edges

et al. 2016

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“…The insights on graphene growth on Cu at the atomic level, mainly with theoretical calculations, have been reviewed by Wu et al [18] Although there are still a lot of unknown details, in general, …”

Section: Growth Kinetics and Toward Synthesis Of Large-area Graphene mentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Graphene Films on Copper Foils by Chemical Vapor Deposition

2016

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Over the past decade, graphene has advanced rapidly as one of the most promising materials changing human life. Development of production-worthy synthetic methodologies for the preparation of various types of graphene forms the basis for its investigation and applications. Graphene can be used in the forms of either microflake powders or large-area thin films. Graphene powders are prepared by the exfoliation of graphite or the reduction of graphene oxide, while graphene films are prepared predominantly by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on a variety of substrates. Both metal and dielectric substrates have been explored; while dielectric substrates are preferred over any other substrate, much higher quality graphene large-area films have been grown on metal substrates such as Cu. The focus here is on the progress of graphene synthesis on Cu foils by CVD, including various CVD techniques, graphene growth mechanisms and kinetics, strategies for synthesizing large-area graphene single crystals, graphene transfer techniques, and, finally, challenges and prospects are discussed.

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“…The interest of the material's science community in carbon monomers (C1) and dimers (C2) has grown considerably in the last years because of their role in the synthesis of high-quality graphene (Gr) monolayers on solid surfaces [1][2][3] . Carbon clusters, especially those formed by a small number of atoms, play an important role in determining the different atomistic mechanisms for the epitaxial growth of graphene by means of chemical vapor deposition (CVD).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectroscopic Fingerprints of Carbon Monomers and Dimers on Ir(111): Experiment and Theory

et al. 2017

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By combining high-resolution photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio calculations, we show that different carbon clusters can be formed on Ir(111) upon low temperature molecular beam epitaxy using a solid state carbon source. Besides carbon monomers, also dimers, trimers and larger clusters are detected through C 1s core levels measurements. The spectroscopic signal of carbon monomers is then used as a fingerprint to detect their presence during the early stages of graphene growth by ethylene chemical vapor deposition at high temperature. We demonstrate that our spectroscopic approach can be employed to investigate the role of carbon monomers and dimers in the nucleation and growth of graphene on different metal surfaces. 3 IntroductionThe interest of the material's science community in carbon monomers (C1) and dimers (C2) has grown considerably in the last years because of their role in the synthesis of high-quality graphene (Gr) monolayers on solid surfaces 1-3 . Carbon clusters, especially those formed by a small number of atoms, play an important role in determining the different atomistic mechanisms for the epitaxial growth of graphene by means of chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The carbon monomers' concentration and the rate at which adatoms are generated from the hydrocarbon feedstock are relevant quantities for understanding the non-linear growth kinetics of Gr experimentally observed on different surfaces 4 . The control of monomer supersaturation is an effective approach to modify not only the growth rate, but also the morphology and orientation of the Gr islands 5 . In addition, C monomers are predicted to be essential for the growth of the graphene islands both through direct attachment to the Gr edges and through the formation and attachment of larger C clusters 6 .Apart from monomers, also dimers play an important role in the formation of high-quality Gr monolayers characterized by a low density of defects such as mono-and di-vacancies, disclinations, dislocations, and domain boundaries 7 . For example, according to theoretical calculations, in the case of copper surfaces, where dimers represent the dominant feeding species for Gr growth 8,9 , they have either a diffusion-or an attachment-limited aggregation behavior depending on the crystallographic surface orientation 10,11 . More specifically, while the rate determining step for Gr growth on Cu(111) is the energy barrier for dimer surface diffusion, in the case of Cu(100) the limit is given by the energy barrier for the attachment of C2 to both zig-zag and arm-chair terminated Gr edges. On the other hand, it has been predicted that the formation of dimers is energetically unfavorable on ideal and flat transition metal Besides their relevance for graphene epitaxial growth, C2 species are extremely important for the formation of all carbon-based three-dimensional materials 19 , for the synthesis of carbon quantum dots, and as building blocks for metal-alkynide and alkynide complexes 20,21 .

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Mechanisms of Graphene Growth on Metal Surfaces: Theoretical Perspectives

Cited by 79 publications

References 120 publications

A first principles study on the CVD graphene growth on copper surfaces: A carbon atom incorporation to graphene edges

A first principles study on the CVD graphene growth on copper surfaces: A carbon atom incorporation to graphene edges

Synthesis of Graphene Films on Copper Foils by Chemical Vapor Deposition

Spectroscopic Fingerprints of Carbon Monomers and Dimers on Ir(111): Experiment and Theory

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