Mechanisms of inactivation of hepatitis A virus in water by chlorine dioxide

Li, Jun Wen; Xin, Zhong; Wang, Xin Wei; Zheng, Jin Lai; Chao, Feng‐lei

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2003.12.021

Cited by 77 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…4), suggesting that the latex sap affected the viral capsids but not the genomes. Ag-ELISA has been used previously to show the negative effects of disinfectants on virus antigenicity (33,34). Using Ag-ELISA, we showed that the latex sap affected the antigenicity of SaV (Fig.…”

Section: Fig 4 Sapovirus Interaction With Lettuce Leaf Milky (Latex) mentioning

confidence: 87%

Internalization of Sapovirus, a Surrogate for Norovirus, in Romaine Lettuce and the Effect of Lettuce Latex on Virus Infectivity

Esseili

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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ABSTRACTNoroviruses are the leading cause of food-borne outbreaks, including those that involve lettuce. The culturable porcine sapovirus (SaV) was used as a norovirus surrogate to study the persistence and the potential transfer of the virus from roots to leaves and from outer to inner leaves of lettuce plants. Treatment of lettuce with SaV was done through the roots of young plants, the soil, or the outer leaves of mature plants. Sampling of roots, xylem sap, and inner and outer leaves followed by RNA extraction and SaV-specific real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR was performed at 2 h and on postinoculation days (PID) 2, 5, 7, 14, and/or 28. When SaV was inoculated through the roots, viral RNA persisted on the roots and in the leaves until PID 28. When the virus was inoculated through the soil, viral RNA was detected on the roots and in the xylem sap until PID 14; viral RNA was detected in the leaves only until PID 2. No infectious virus was detected inside the leaves for either treatment. When SaV was inoculated through the outer leaves, viral RNA persisted on the leaves until PID 14; however, the virus did not transfer to inner leaves. Infectious viral particles on leaves were detected only at 2 h postinoculation. The milky sap (latex) of leaves, but not the roots' xylem sap, significantly decreased virus infectivity when testedin vitro. Collectively, our results showed the transfer of SaV from roots to leaves through the xylem system and the capacity of the sap of lettuce leaves to decrease virus infectivity in leaves.

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Section: Fig 4 Sapovirus Interaction With Lettuce Leaf Milky (Latex) mentioning

confidence: 87%

Internalization of Sapovirus, a Surrogate for Norovirus, in Romaine Lettuce and the Effect of Lettuce Latex on Virus Infectivity

Esseili

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…2) spanning the desired genomic region are used to amplify cDNA. Nested PCR, where products obtained from first-round PCR are used as a template for a second round of PCR, has been used to amplify HAV from clinical and environmental samples where the viral load is expected to be low (19,72,92,149,169). Analysis of the PCR product by probe hybridization also has been shown to increase the sensitivity of detection (62,95,116).…”

Section: Molecular Detection Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The development of single-step RT-PCR methods, in which reverse transcription and PCR are performed together, has considerably reduced the time and handling during cDNA synthesis (72,149). However, this method appears to reduce detection sensitivity by up to 1 log unit compared to the twostep RT-PCR method (CDC, unpublished data).…”

Section: Molecular Detection Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis of Hepatitis A Virus Infection: a Molecular Approach

et al. 2006

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SUMMARY Current serologic tests provide the foundation for diagnosis of hepatitis A and hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. Recent advances in methods to identify and characterize nucleic acid markers of viral infections have provided the foundation for the field of molecular epidemiology and increased our knowledge of the molecular biology and epidemiology of HAV. Although HAV is primarily shed in feces, there is a strong viremic phase during infection which has allowed easy access to virus isolates and the use of molecular markers to determine their genetic relatedness. Molecular epidemiologic studies have provided new information on the types and extent of HAV infection and transmission in the United States. In addition, these new diagnostic methods have provided tools for the rapid detection of food-borne HAV transmission and identification of the potential source of the food contamination.

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“…Monochloramine disinfection also decreased the numbers of infectious viruses, as measured by plaque assays. Chemical disinfectants such as monochloramine have been reported to damage both the viral genome (22,23,25,27) and capsid proteins (22,28,42). To assess which mechanism was more likely for monochloramine inactivation, monochloramine-disinfected virus samples were further analyzed for E1A protein synthesis and DNA replication, as a method to assess the ability of the disinfected viral capsid to enter the host cell and to deliver genetic material to the host cell nucleus and as a measure of DNA damage by monochloramine disinfection, respectively.…”

Section: Uv Inactivation Kineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Exposure to UV-C Irradiation and Monochloramine on Adenovirus Serotype 2 Early Protein Expression and DNA Replication

Sirikanchana¹,

Shisler

Mariñas³

2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The mechanisms of adenovirus serotype 2 inactivation with either UV light (with a narrow emission spectrum centered at 254 nm) or monochloramine were investigated by assessing the potential inhibition of two key steps of the adenovirus life cycle, namely, E1A protein synthesis and viral genomic replication. E1A early protein synthesis was assayed by using immunoblotting, while the replication of viral DNA was analyzed by using slot blotting. Disinfection experiments were performed in phosphate buffer solutions at pH 8 and room temperature (UV) or 20°C (monochloramine). Experimental results revealed that normalized E1A levels at 12 h postinfection (p.i.) were statistically the same as the corresponding decrease in survival ratio for both UV and monochloramine disinfection. Normalized DNA levels at 24 h p.i. were also found to be statistically the same as the corresponding decrease in survival ratio for monochloramine disinfection. In contrast, for UV disinfection, genomic DNA levels were much lower than E1A or survival ratios, possibly as a result of a delay in DNA replication for UV-treated virions compared to that for controls. Future efforts will determine the pre-E1A synthesis step in the adenovirus life cycle affected by exposure to UV and monochloramine, with the goal of identifying the viral molecular target of these two disinfectants.

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Mechanisms of inactivation of hepatitis A virus in water by chlorine dioxide

Cited by 77 publications

References 20 publications

Internalization of Sapovirus, a Surrogate for Norovirus, in Romaine Lettuce and the Effect of Lettuce Latex on Virus Infectivity

Internalization of Sapovirus, a Surrogate for Norovirus, in Romaine Lettuce and the Effect of Lettuce Latex on Virus Infectivity

Diagnosis of Hepatitis A Virus Infection: a Molecular Approach

Effect of Exposure to UV-C Irradiation and Monochloramine on Adenovirus Serotype 2 Early Protein Expression and DNA Replication

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