Mechanisms of inactivation of poliovirus by chlorine dioxide and iodine

Alvarez, Maria; O’Brien, Rory

doi:10.1128/aem.44.5.1064-1071.1982

Cited by 88 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(8 reference statements)

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“…Finally, the virus completely lost its infectivity after 3 min of exposure to 5 mg l )1 of ClO 2 . This finding is in good agreement with data in the literature considering the dose of ClO 2 used (Alvarez and O'Brien 1982b;Berman and Hoff 1984;Noss et al 1986;Chen and Vaughn 1990). After 15 min, the drop-off was >4AE5 log (quantification threshold) for the infectious virus, >3AE5 log (detection threshold) for the most sensitive native RNA fragment, 5¢-UTRdT, and 1AE4 log for the most resistant native RNA fragment, 3C.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…RNA Enterovirus belonging to the Picornaviridae, is widely used as a model for all enteric viruses (O'Brien and Newman 1979;Engelbrecht et al 1980;Alvarez and O'Brien 1982b;Enriquez et al 1993;Newland et al 2001;Gassilloud et al 2003) for understanding viral particle behaviour in water systems. Poliovirus 1 RNA has 7440 bases and exhibits positive polarity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Viral inactivation by oxidative agents such as chlorine (Engelbrecht et al 1980;Berman and Hoff 1984), chloramine (Berman and Hoff 1984;Shin and Sobsey 1998), chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ) (Alvarez and O'Brien 1982b;Berman and Hoff 1984) or ozone (Herbold et al 1989;Finch and Fairbairn 1991) is widely described in the literature. Studies devoted to viral inactivation have essentially focused on defining disinfection conditions for each oxidant, using the cell culture as the sole measure of effectiveness (Scarpino et al 1979;Engelbrecht et al 1980;Sharp et al 1980;Berman and Hoff 1984;Chen and Vaughn 1990).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Degradation of the Poliovirus 1 genome by chlorine dioxide

Simonet¹,

Gantzer²

2006

J Appl Microbiol

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Aims: This study was undertaken to gain an understanding of the factors that influence viral RNA degradation in the presence of chlorine dioxide (ClO2), which will be very useful in helping to define the significance of the presence of the viral genome in disinfected water. Methods and Results: We focused our investigation on the influence of ClO2 on extracted RNA on the one hand, and on the infectious virus on the other. Our first results show that RNA degradation, like viral inactivation, is dose dependent. The influence of the spatial organization of the targeted genomic sequence, as well as that of its size and location (and/or sequence) on degradation of the Poliovirus 1 genome by ClO2, was studied using real‐time reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). The results show that the preferential sites of action of ClO2 appear to be located in the untranslated regions, 5′‐ and 3′‐UTR, a phenomenon influenced by both the presence of secondary structures and the genomic sequence in these regions. Our results also reveal a rapid decrease of infectious particles quantified by the cell culture for the applied dose. Comparison between cell culture and real‐time PCR for viral detection reveals disagreement following disinfection treatment, even for the largest targeted fragment (a 6989‐base fragment representing the quasi‐whole viral genome). Conclusions: The detection of genome fragments is insufficient to confirm the presence of the infectious virus, as each targeted fragment shows a different sensitivity. Hence, the smallest targeted fragment (76 bp) persisted throughout the analysis period, while the longest targeted fragment (6989 bp) disappeared very rapidly. Highly sensitive regions (i.e. 5′‐ and 3′‐UTR) should be targeted to avoid an overestimation of the risk of viral infection using molecular biology methods in water following disinfection. Further studies in this area are needed. Significance and Impact of the Study: To date, it has not been possible to routinely apply virological controls to drinking water because of the time‐consuming nature of the gold standard technique (cell culture) and its inability to detect all serotypes (e.g. Norovirus). Molecular techniques (e.g. real‐time RT‐PCR) constitute a solution to the rapid and specific detection of all the serotypes. However, ignorance of the mechanisms of viral degradation prevents the validation of PCR for the measurement of the risk of infection to humans following disinfection treatment.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Degradation of the Poliovirus 1 genome by chlorine dioxide

Simonet¹,

Gantzer²

2006

J Appl Microbiol

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“…In one study, iodine inactivation of poliovirus was mediated by disruption of the capsid protein coat. 35 Results from a recent study employing isoelectric focusing of iodinated MS2 proteins suggested that iodine inactivation involved conformational changes to the protein coat. 36 Some studies showed that iodine reaction with sulfhydryl groups caused inactivation of enzymes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the survivability of MS2 viral aerosols deposited on filtering face piece respirator samples incorporating antimicrobial technologies

Rengasamy

Fisher

Shaffer

2010

American Journal of Infection Control

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“…Scientists have long sought to provide mechanistic descriptions of virus inactivation during drinking water disinfection [1]. In the 1960-1980s, researchers employed scintillation spectroscopy and electron microscopy techniques to detect modifications in viral genomes and proteins and typically reported one of two conclusions: 1) inactivation is the result of damage to the virus proteins or 2) inactivation is the result of damage to the genome [2][3][4][5][6]. Although these early studies investigated the molecular mechanisms as much as technologically possible, more recent research has focused less on elucidating mechanisms and more on comparing inactivation kinetics with various virus strains, disinfectants, and water chemistries [7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virus disinfection mechanisms: the role of virus composition, structure, and function

Wigginton

Kohn

2012

Current Opinion in Virology

163

134

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Drinking waters are treated for enteric virus via a number of disinfection techniques including chemical oxidants, irradiation, and heat, however the inactivation mechanisms during disinfection remain elusive. Owing to the fact that a number of significant waterborne virus strains are not readily culturable in vitro at this time (e.g. norovirus, hepatitis A), the susceptibility of these viruses to disinfection is largely unknown. An in-depth understanding of the mechanisms involved in virus inactivation would aid in predicting the susceptibility of non-culturable virus strains to disinfection and would foster the development of improved disinfection methods. Recent technological advances in virology research have provided a wealth of information on enteric virus compositions, structures, and biological functions. This knowledge will allow for physical/chemical descriptions of virus inactivation and thus further our understanding of virus disinfection to the most basic mechanistic level.

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Mechanisms of inactivation of poliovirus by chlorine dioxide and iodine

Cited by 88 publications

References 17 publications

Degradation of the Poliovirus 1 genome by chlorine dioxide

Degradation of the Poliovirus 1 genome by chlorine dioxide

Evaluation of the survivability of MS2 viral aerosols deposited on filtering face piece respirator samples incorporating antimicrobial technologies

Virus disinfection mechanisms: the role of virus composition, structure, and function

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