Mechanisms of outer membrane vesicle entry into host cells

Abstract

Bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are nano‐sized compartments consisting of a lipid bilayer that encapsulates periplasm‐derived, luminal content. OMVs, which pinch off of Gram‐negative bacteria, are now recognized as a generalized secretion pathway which provides a means to transfer cargo to other bacterial cells as well as eukaryotic cells. Compared with other secretion systems, OMVs can transfer a chemically extremely diverse range of cargo, including small molecules, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids to proximal cells. Although it is well recognized that OMVs can enter and release cargo inside host cells during infection, the mechanisms of host association and uptake are not well understood. This review highlights existing studies focusing on OMV‐host cell interactions and entry mechanisms, and how these entry routes affect cargo processing within the host. It further compares the wide range of methods currently used to dissect uptake mechanisms, and discusses potential sources of discrepancy regarding the mechanism of OMV uptake across different studies.

Mediators between oral dysbiosis and cardiovascular diseases

“…Outer membrane vesicles are important both in bacteria–bacteria and bacteria–host interactions . They utilize multiple means to enter the host cells and deliver their cargo . Outer membrane vesicles deriving from different bacteria and strains have different PAMPs that induce varying inflammatory responses via diverse pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) .…”

LPS targets host guanylate‐binding proteins to the bacterial outer membrane for non‐canonical inflammasome activation

“…Indeed, OMVs were reported to confer resistance to antimicrobials and the complement system by acting as decoys or to promote the adaptation to bacteria within the host, such as by enabling biofilm formation (Kaparakis-Liaskos & Ferrero, 2015;Pathirana & Kaparakis-Liaskos, 2016). Importantly, OMVs can also act as vehicles for the direct delivery of virulence factors or microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) to host cells or even get internalized into host cells (Kesty et al, 2004;Bomberger et al, 2009;Chen et al, 2010;Kaparakis et al, 2010;Irving et al, 2014), as several studies have shown that OMVs are taken up by endocytosis (O'Donoghue & Krachler, 2016). The high concentration of MAMPs on OMVs allows them to trigger many host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as the LPS sensor TLR4, or TLR2 and TLR9 signaling.…”

Association of Vibrio cholerae 569B outer membrane vesicles with host cells occurs in a GM1‐independent manner

“…OMVs use a variety of mechanisms to enter host cells and deliver their cargo (Kaparakis-Liaskos & Ferrero, 2015; O’Donoghue & Krachler, 2016). Cholesterol-rich lipid rafts have been commonly reported to be involved in the uptake of OMVs produced by a number of species, including enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Haemophilus influenzae , Campylobacter jejuni , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa , among others (Bomberger et al, 2009; Elmi et al, 2012; Kaparakis et al, 2010; Kesty, Mason, Reedy, Miller, & Kuehn, 2004; Mondal et al, 2016; Sharpe, Kuehn, & Mason, 2011), while OMVs produced by other organisms, including Helicobacter pylori and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), have been reported to enter cells in cholesterol-independent endocytic processes (Bielaszewska et al, 2017; Bielaszewska et al, 2013; Canas et al, 2016; Kunsmann et al, 2015; Parker, Chitcholtan, Hampton, & Keenan, 2010).…”

“…OMVs use a variety of mechanisms to enter the host cells and deliver their cargo (Kaparakis-Liaskos & Ferrero, 2015;O'Donoghue & Krachler, 2016). Cholesterol-rich lipid rafts have been commonly reported to be involved in the uptake of OMVs produced by a number of species, including enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Haemophilus influenzae, Campylobacter jejuni, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, among others (Bomberger et al, 2009;Elmi et al, 2012;Kaparakis et al, 2010;Kesty, Mason, Reedy, Miller, & Kuehn, 2004;Mondal et al, 2016;Sharpe, Kuehn, & Mason, 2011), whereas OMVs produced by other organisms, including…”