Mechanisms of Stress Tolerance in Cyanobacteria under Extreme Conditions

Abstract

Cyanobacteria are oxygen-evolving photoautotrophs with worldwide distribution in every possible habitat, and they account for half of the global primary productivity. Because of their ability to thrive in a hostile environment, cyanobacteria are categorized as “extremophiles”. They have evolved a fascinating repository of distinct secondary metabolites and biomolecules to promote their development and survival in various habitats, including severe conditions. However, developing new proteins/enzymes and metabolites is mostly directed by an appropriate gene regulation system that results in stress adaptations. However, only few proteins have been characterized to date that have the potential to improve resistance against abiotic stresses. As a result, studying environmental stress responses to post-genomic analysis, such as proteome changes using latest structural proteomics and synthetic biology techniques, is critical. In this regard, scientists working on these topics will benefit greatly from the stress of proteomics research. Progress in these disciplines will aid in understanding cyanobacteria’s physiology, biochemical, and metabolic systems. This review summarizes the most recent key findings of cyanobacterial proteome study under various abiotic stresses and the application of secondary metabolites formed during different abiotic conditions.

A critical review of soil algae as a crucial soil biological component of high ecological and economic significance

“…Algae in stressed environments, like soils, have shown richness in diverse metabolites such as antioxidant pigments, alkaloids, terpenoids, exopolysaccharides, and UV‐absorbing metabolites (Hotter et al., 2018; Paliwal et al., 2017; Yadav et al., 2022), including polyketides, MAA prasiolin, prasiolin‐like compound (Hotter et al., 2018), and klebsormidin A&B (Hartmann et al., 2020). As such, algae growing in soils and other subaerial environments may be rich sources of specific metabolites.…”

Impact of dehydration on the physiochemical properties of Nostoc calcicola BOT1 and its untargeted metabolic profiling through UHPLC-HRMS

“…The variety of cyanobacterial species is a primary constituent of biocrust, which can withstand desiccation, extremely high or low temperatures, salinity, and pH (Singh and Jha, 2016). Acclimation strategies employed by cyanobacteria to survive under dehydration stress, the synthesis and production of EPS, maintenance of ion channels, up-regulation of the DNA repair system, chaperone recruitment to maintain protein and enzyme integrity, synthesis of various compatible solutes, and oxidative stress protection system (Figure 9A), were used to adapt to low levels of available water (Nelson et al, 2021;Yadav et al, 2021;Yadav et al, 2022b).…”

“…Therefore, these cyanobacterial strains can be used for draught stress management. However, relatively little evidence has been reported on the cyanobacterial-mediated improvement of plant growth under harsh environmental conditions, like drought, low and high temperatures, ultraviolet radiation, freezing, and hot springs (Castenholz, 1992;Zakhia et al, 2008;Tashyreva and Elster, 2016;Yadav et al, 2022b). N. calcicola is an alkaliphilic halotolerant, filamentous nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium, generally grown in the range of 0.5 to 2 M concentrations of salt (Singh V, et al, 2015).…”

Advances in cold-adapted enzymes derived from microorganisms

“…These include easily managed reaction conditions, easy monitoring and control of the production processes, and a wide variety of commercial applications. Therefore, these enzymes are widely studied and have been applied in various areas, including food processing, detergent production, bioremediation, environmental protection, straw resourcing, and in basic molecular biology research ( Cavicchioli et al, 2011 ; Yadav et al, 2022 ).…”