Mechanisms of the pyrolysis of phenolic resin in a carbon/phenolic composite

Trick, Kimberly A.; Saliba, Tony E.

doi:10.1016/0008-6223(95)00092-r

Cited by 444 publications

(201 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The polymer precursors were then cured for 6 hours at 80 • C. To turn the cured CNT APNCs into A-CMNCs, samples were heat treated as follows in a He environment: 400 • C for 30 minutes, 600 • C for 30 minutes, 750 • C for 30 min. These temperatures are very close to the previously reported temperatures of maximum reaction rate for a neat phenolic resin undergoing pyrolysis 46 . CNT A-CMNCs were then trimmed and polished, ensuring that the regions of excess PyC (both above and below) surrounding the original CNT forest were removed.…”

Section: A Cnt A-cmnc Fabrication Methodssupporting

confidence: 89%

Morphology and processing of aligned carbon nanotube carbon matrix nanocomposites

Stein

Wardle

2014

Carbon

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Intrinsic and scale-dependent properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have led aligned CNT architectures to emerge as promising candidates for next-generation multifunctional applications. Enhanced operating regimes motivate the study of CNT-based aligned nanofiber carbon matrix nanocomposites (CNT A-CMNCs). However, in order to tailor the material properties of CNT A-CMNCs, porosity control of the carbon matrix is required. Such control is usually achieved via multiple liquid precursor infusions and pyrolyzations. Here we report a model that allows the quantitative prediction of the CNT A-CMNC density and matrix porosity as a function of number of processing steps. The experimental results indicate that the matrix porosity of A-CMNCs comprised of ∼ 1% aligned CNTs decreased from ∼ 61% to ∼ 55% after a second polymer infusion and pyrolyzation. The model predicts that diminishing returns for porosity reduction will occur after 4 processing steps (matrix porosity of ∼ 51%), and that > 10 processing steps are required for matrix porosity < 50%. Using this model, prediction of the processing necessary for the fabrication of liquid precursor derived A-CMNC architectures, with possible application to other nanowire/nanofiber systems, is enabled for a variety of high value applications.

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Section: A Cnt A-cmnc Fabrication Methodssupporting

confidence: 89%

Morphology and processing of aligned carbon nanotube carbon matrix nanocomposites

Stein

Wardle

2014

Carbon

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“…Carbon precursor in organic compounds is a very interesting research subject for considering the characteristics of a material, since it gives a large effect on the formation of a final structure. 7) In this paper, the authors elucidated the relationship of the carbonizing process of Woodceramics with the structure and characteristics of a material, focusing our attention on the characteristic absorbance of molecular vibration during infrared ray absorption. The burning process was tracked by Fourier transformation infrared spectrophotometry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectrophotometry and Elemental Analysis of Woodceramics

et al. 2004

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In recent years, solving environmental problems have been looked forward from various viewpoints. In the materials development, practical applications of Ecomaterials are desired. Ecomaterials such as Woodceramics is a material in harmony with ecosystem in consideration of material circulation, and is promising for application to various fields such as moisture sensor and electromagnetic shielding materials and so on. To clarify the structure and thermophysical characteristics of Woodceramics, we used Fourier transformation infrared spectrophotometry and elemental analysis to examine the variation due to differences in raw materials and burning temperatures. It is shown that the carbonizing process of Woodceramics can be classified to three ranges, and that the advancement of graphite crystallization starts from around 1073 K of burning temperature.

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“…It showed that the absorbed heat of the chemical densification has significantly improved and the shrinkage of the binder is the main reaction, there also rules out a small amount of gases, such as H2, CO and CO2. 15) These lead to the sharp reducing of the porosity and the rapid increasing of the strength. The binder fired above 800°C showed a slowly steady endothermic reaction and a low mass decreasing.…”

Section: Changes Of Weight and Decalescence/heat Releasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…When the firing temperature was below 600°C, the main exothermic reaction had finished and the weight of the binder reduced by 80% in total reduction. The weight loss is related to the removing volatiles such as H 2 O, phenol and cresol (LMS), CH 4 , C 2 H 6 , CO and CO 2 , 15,16) which generates a lot of pores in the binder and the boundary of the aggregates and binder. The strong exothermic reaction also happens with the weight loss and makes the polymer structure gradually transform into the glassy carbon, which result in a high porosity and a low strength of the Al 2 O 3 -C sensor in this temperature range.…”

Section: Changes Of Weight and Decalescence/heat Releasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…It contains complicated physicochemical processes, such as removing volatiles, formation of pores, shrinkage and structure evolution. 15,16) Actually, the mechanism of Al 2 O 3 -C refractory firing is pyrolysis of the binder, while the rest compositions almost remain stable in firing. According to the firing temperature of the long nozzle, submerged nozzle and stopper rod, Al 2 O 3 -C sensor is fired at 950°C in practice.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Firing Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Al2O3–C Sensor for Continuous Measurement of Molten Steel Temperature

et al. 2014

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Al2O3-C sensor based on the blackbody cavity theory achieved a continuous measurement of molten steel temperature. Its mechanical properties were affected by the firing temperature. Firing temperature has great influences on the weight changing, decalescence/heat release reaction and structure evolution of the resin binder used for Al2O3-C sensor. Results showed that the porosity increased and the strength declined below 750°C, main exothermic reaction and weight loss of the binder occurred. As the firing temperature increased to 800°C, a great enhancement of endothermic reaction and a drastic increase of crystallite size were observed, relating to the rapid shrinkage of the binder. The porosity decreased from 10.3% to 8.8% and the strength improved remarkably from 6.5 to 8.2 MPa in this temperature range. Strengths and porosities of the sensors fired under 800-950°C were similar (8.2-8.5 MPa and 8.8%-8.4% respectively). Moreover, the temperature response and lifetime of the sensor fired at 800°C were almost equal to the sensor fired at 950°C according to industrial tests, which were about 165 s and 24 h.

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Mechanisms of the pyrolysis of phenolic resin in a carbon/phenolic composite

Cited by 444 publications

References 15 publications

Morphology and processing of aligned carbon nanotube carbon matrix nanocomposites

Morphology and processing of aligned carbon nanotube carbon matrix nanocomposites

Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectrophotometry and Elemental Analysis of Woodceramics

Effect of Firing Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Al2O3–C Sensor for Continuous Measurement of Molten Steel Temperature

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