Mechanisms of thermal degradation of polystyrene, polymethacrylonitrile, and their copolymers on flash pyrolysis

Yang, Minghao; Shibasaki, Yoshio

doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0518(19980930)36:13<2315::aid-pola19>3.0.co;2-d

Cited by 45 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…It would therefore appear that the flash pyrolysis of brominated HIPS leads to more bromine being present in the oil than the slow pyrolysis of brominated HIPS. At pyrolysis temperatures of 450 and 500 8C, the majority of gas phase bromine was probably hydrogen bromide as it was captured in the first scrubber, this reflects the fact that hydrogen bromide elimination is favoured over bromine elimination during the debromination of PBDE's [4]. It is not clear why hydrogen bromide elimination should decrease once the flash pyrolysis temperature reaches 550 8C.…”

Section: Bromine Balancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Deca-BDE is added to HIPS because the bromine radicals quench combustion reactions while diantimony trioxide is added as a synergist because it increases the rate of bromine release by forming antimony bromides and antimony oxybromides [3]. The flame retardant content of WEEE represents a major hindrance to the development of recycling technologies, particularly the presence of bromine and antimony Pyrolysis has been extensively researched as a technique for the recycling of waste polystyrenes [4][5][6]. It is thought that the products of waste plastic pyrolysis can potentially be used either as fuels, raw materials or as feedstock for the petrochemical industry [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pyrolysis of brominated feedstock plastic in a fluidised bed reactor

Hall

Williams

2006

Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis

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Fire retarded high impact polystyrene has been pyrolysed using a fluidised bed reactor with a sand bed. The yield and composition of the products have been investigated in relation to fluidised bed temperature. The bromine distribution between the products and a detailed analysis of the oils using GC-FID/ECD, GC-MS, FT-IR, and size exclusion chromatography has been carried out. It was found that the majority of the bromine transfers to the pyrolysis oil and the antimony was detected in both the oil and the char. Oil made up over 89.9% of the pyrolysis products. Over 30% of the oil consisted of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene and cumene. The pyrolysis gases were mainly hydrocarbons in the C 1 -C 4 range but some HBr and Br 2 was detected. #

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Section: Bromine Balancementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pyrolysis of brominated feedstock plastic in a fluidised bed reactor

Hall

Williams

2006

Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis

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“…Because of the characteristics of the polymer chain having large pendant groups (benzylammonium groups), the decomposition of the polymer begins with the decomposition of the trimethyl ammonium group (first decomposition step), followed by the main chain scission . The second step can be attributed to the decomposition of the reticulated polystyrene‐like main chain through random‐chain and end‐chain (depolymerization) scission mechanisms . The first decomposition temperature did not exhibit significant differences between the Px in polymers with EGDMA.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Porous, bicontinuous, and cationic polyelectrolyte obtained by high internal phase emulsion polymerization

Walter

Toledo

Urbano

2019

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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In this work, a cationic polyelectrolyte was synthesized through oil‐in‐water high internal phase emulsion polymerization. The porous polymer was obtained using the monomer (4‐vinyl benzyl)trimethylammonium chloride and cross‐linked with N,N‐methylene‐bis‐acrylamide; additionally, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) was used as the second cross‐linker, which was solubilized in the discontinuous phase leading to a bicontinuous‐like HIPE system because of the characteristics of this cross‐linker and the phase, where polymerized several effects on the polyHIPE were expected. In this way, the effect of the emulsifier and EGDMA content on the pore size, swelling, and rheological properties was assessed. It was observed that an increased concentration of the emulsifier in the polymerization decreased the pore size, narrowed its size distribution, and diminished the swelling capacity of the polymer. Additionally, the poly (HIPE) displayed a close‐cell structure explained by the locus of initiation starting from the droplets of the emulsion. After the addition of EGDMA, the polymer exhibited a major decrease in pore size and a significant decrease in swelling attributed to the polymerized skin layer on the droplet and hydrophobicity provided by the polyEGDMA, respectively. Rheological assays revealed an increase in the complex modulus and shear stress as the pore size decreased, but the addition of EGDMA did not produce an increase in the modulus, as expected. Finally, the sorption capabilities of the cationic porous polymers were evaluated through kinetic and isotherm sorption experiments using the anionic dye Acid Black 24.

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“…For P2VN the TGA curve also exhibits two maximum loss rates [Fig. 1(d)] associated with the evolution of vinylic groups (157°C) and main chain degradation (428°C), analogous to thermal degradation of PS36 (Table I).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epifluorescence studies and secondary relaxation processes in immiscible blends of polybutadiene‐poly(2‐vinyl naphthalene) by fluorescence spectroscopy

Cruz

Cassiola

Atvars

2002

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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ABSTRACT:The development of the morphology of polybutadiene/poly(2-vinyl naphthalene) blends in five proportions by mass (5, 10, 50, 90, and 95%, w/w) is studied by epifluorescence and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The phase separation process of these immiscible polymers produces a primary morphology that is formed by dispersed droplets in a continuous matrix. In the sequence a secondary phase separation inside the primary domains is detected by epifluorescence microscopy of the intrinsically fluorescent domains. Secondary phase separation is confirmed by SEM fracture surface analysis. The relative size of the droplets and the matrix composition depend on the proportion of the components of the blends. The mechanism of the phase separation process is preferentially by nucleation growth for either primary or secondary phase separation processes. Secondary relaxation processes involving the poly(2-vinyl naphthalene) phase are studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. The profile of the steady-state excimer fluorescence of poly(2-vinyl naphthalene) with the temperature in the blend differs from that of the isolated homopolymer and is explained by the contribution from the interface to the radiationless deactivation. The Arrhenius plot for the temperature dependence exhibits slope changes that are related to the polymer relaxation processes.

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Mechanisms of thermal degradation of polystyrene, polymethacrylonitrile, and their copolymers on flash pyrolysis

Cited by 45 publications

References 19 publications

Pyrolysis of brominated feedstock plastic in a fluidised bed reactor

Pyrolysis of brominated feedstock plastic in a fluidised bed reactor

Porous, bicontinuous, and cationic polyelectrolyte obtained by high internal phase emulsion polymerization

Epifluorescence studies and secondary relaxation processes in immiscible blends of polybutadiene‐poly(2‐vinyl naphthalene) by fluorescence spectroscopy

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