Mechanisms of Unresponsiveness:T- And B-Cell Mediated Mechanisms of Anergy

Greenwood, Roberta; Frelinger, Jeffrey

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1277-6_10

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…There are several mechanisms of peripheral immune tolerance, including the acquisition of anergy by auto-reactive lymphocytes. Anergy is a state of unresponsiveness developed by circulating lymphocytes after recognizing self-antigens in the absence of co-stimulation [5]. Another main mechanism of peripheral immune tolerance involves the participation of immunosuppressive cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing Regulatory T Cells to Treat Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases

Fiyouzi

Pelaez-Prestel

Reyes-Manzanas

et al. 2023

IJMS

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Regulatory T cells (Tregs) control immune responses and are essential to maintain immune homeostasis and self-tolerance. Hence, it is no coincidence that autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders are associated with defects in Tregs. These diseases have currently no cure and are treated with palliative drugs such as immunosuppressant and immunomodulatory agents. Thereby, there is a great interest in developing medical interventions against these diseases based on enhancing Treg cell function and numbers. Here, we give an overview of Treg cell ontogeny and function, paying particular attention to mucosal Tregs. We review some notable approaches to enhance immunomodulation by Tregs with therapeutic purposes including adoptive Treg cell transfer therapy and discuss relevant clinical trials for inflammatory bowel disease. We next introduce ways to expand mucosal Tregs in vivo using microbiota and dietary products that have been the focus of clinical trials in various autoimmune and chronic-inflammatory diseases.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing Regulatory T Cells to Treat Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases

Fiyouzi

Pelaez-Prestel

Reyes-Manzanas

et al. 2023

IJMS

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“…Healthy children react with antibody development against any exogenous antigen early in life, but with low concentrations of antibodies. Most of the children develop tolerance to foreign antigens, and no immune intolerance or allergic reaction occurs 1. The interest for diabetes‐related autoantibodies so far has been focused on the high concentrations of autoantibodies, defined as levels above, for example, the 97.5th percentile of a nondiabetic population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Induction of Diabetes‐Related Autoantibodies below Cutoff for “Positivity” in Young Nondiabetic Children

Holmberg

Vaarala

Fälth‐Magnusson

et al. 2003

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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The aim was to study the natural course of diabetes-related autoantibodies at low concentrations, below "positivity", in a nondiabetic population followed up from infancy. Blood samples were taken from 205 children at 6 weeks, 6 months, 18 months, and 5 years of age. Autoantibodies against GAD(65) (GADA), tyrosine phosphatase (IA-2A), and insulin (IAA) were determined by radioligand-binding assays. All children had detectable levels of GADA and approximately half had IA-2A, but only approximately 10% had detectable levels of IAA during the follow-up period. Many children developed IA-2A already at 6 months of age, similar concentrations were seen at 18 months, and then the levels of IA-2A decreased until 5 years of age. GADA were induced less often at 6 months of age, increased up to 18 months, and fluctuated at similar levels up to 5 years of age. IAA were detectable in so few children and at low levels, so no trend in natural course could be revealed. We conclude that there is a natural induction of humoral immune response to beta cell autoantigens early in life. Our results suggest that the mechanisms of beta cell tolerance to GAD and IA-2 differ in healthy children.

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“…In the periphery, mature lymphocytes navigate through a sophisticated process of encountering self-antigens, leading to intrinsic anergy, apoptosis, or regulatory control by regulatory T-cells (Tregs) [6][7][8]. This complex ballet of peripheral tolerance is essential in curbing T-cell responses to self-antigens.…”

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confidence: 99%

Introductory Chapter: Navigating Autoimmunity – From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Horizons

Aribi

2024

Probing Selected Autoimmune Diseases for Focused Perspectives

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Mechanisms of Unresponsiveness:T- And B-Cell Mediated Mechanisms of Anergy

Cited by 4 publications

References 26 publications

Enhancing Regulatory T Cells to Treat Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases

Enhancing Regulatory T Cells to Treat Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases

Induction of Diabetes‐Related Autoantibodies below Cutoff for “Positivity” in Young Nondiabetic Children

Introductory Chapter: Navigating Autoimmunity – From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Horizons

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