Mechanistic Basis for the Role of Phytochemicals in Inflammation-Associated Chronic Diseases

Abstract

Chronic inflammatory diseases occur in a large portion of the population and are associated with a poor diet. Key natural products found in fruits and vegetables may assist in lowering inflammation associated with chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. This review seeks to examine the roles of several natural products, resveratrol (RES), quercetin (QUE), curcumin (CUR), piperine (PIP), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and gingerol (GIN), in their ability to attenuate inflammatory markers in specific diseases states. Additionally, we will discuss findings in past and ongoing clinical trials, detail possible phytochemical–drug interactions, and provide a brief resource for researchers and healthcare professionals on natural product and supplement regulation as well as names of databases with information on efficacy, indications, and natural product–drug interactions. As diet and over-the-counter supplement use are modifiable factors and patients are interested in using complementary and alternative therapies, understanding the mechanisms by which natural products have demonstrated efficacy and the types of drugs they interact with and knowing where to find information on herbs and supplements is important for practicing healthcare providers and researchers interested in this field.

Curcumin Formulations for Better Bioavailability: What We Learned from Clinical Trials Thus Far?

“…Chronic diseases including autoimmune diseases, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hepatocellular, neurological, and renal diseases have persistent high incidence and fatality rates worldwide. , Finding feasible treatment strategies are challenging due to the high prevalence of these diseases and the involvement of several pathways in their development, including JAK/STAT3, JNK, NF-κB, MEK/ERK, p38/MAPK, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR, etc. − Therefore, classical monotarget therapies are insufficient to treat these diseases. Besides, the cost of contemporary pharmaceuticals is high, and have several unfavorable side effects. ,, Indeed, there is an increasing need for the development of safer, effective, multitargeted, and cost-effective therapeutic regimens to replace the current harmful and ineffective treatment approaches.…”

“…Besides, the cost of contemporary pharmaceuticals is high, and have several unfavorable side effects. ,, Indeed, there is an increasing need for the development of safer, effective, multitargeted, and cost-effective therapeutic regimens to replace the current harmful and ineffective treatment approaches. A growing body of preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that natural substances derived from diverse plants are potential therapeutic candidates against a wide range of fatal chronic conditions, and their alternative formulations can be employed to boost the bioavailabilities of these substances. ,,,− …”

“…Chronic diseases including autoimmune diseases, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hepatocellular, neurological, and renal diseases have persistent high incidence and fatality rates worldwide. 1 , 2 Finding feasible treatment strategies are challenging due to the high prevalence of these diseases and the involvement of several pathways in their development, including JAK/STAT3, JNK, NF-κB, MEK/ERK, p38/MAPK, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR, etc. 1 − 10 Therefore, classical monotarget therapies are insufficient to treat these diseases.…”

“…A growing body of preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that natural substances derived from diverse plants are potential therapeutic candidates against a wide range of fatal chronic conditions, and their alternative formulations can be employed to boost the bioavailabilities of these substances. 2 , 7 , 10 , 12 − 14 …”

Multi-Target Effects of ß-Caryophyllene and Carnosic Acid at the Crossroads of Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Neurodegeneration: From Oxidative Stress to Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation

“…In this perspective, compelling evidence has demonstrated that dietary patterns rich in plant foods are correlated with improved health and contribute to lowering the risk of NCDs, such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, some cancers, and diabetes [ 34 , 35 , 36 ]. Therefore, due to their considerable benefits in the prevention and management of modern diseases, the use of bioactive phytochemicals, including terpenes and terpenoids, has recently gained growing interest [ 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ].…”