Mechanistic comparison of current pharmacological treatments and novel phytochemicals to target amyloid peptides in Alzheimer’s and neurodegenerative diseases

Abstract

The formation of β amyloid plaques is one of the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The process of accumulation of extracellular deposits of amyloid plaques occurs by the abnormal proteolysis of amyloid precursor protein, resulting in the formation of β amyloid peptides which further aggregates and results in the formation of oligomers, protofibrils, fibrils, and plaques. The complexity in understanding the aggregation process has provided avenues for identifying potential targets against amyloid toxicity in the treatment of AD. The therapeutic approach mainly focuses on reducing the toxicity by halting the β amyloid fibril formation. Besides conventional medicine, several naturally available compounds were shown to reduce the toxicity of amyloid plaques in the current scenario. This review provides a comprehensive account on recent updates of FDA-approved and naturally available compounds against toxicity of amyloid peptides and plaques both in vitro and in vivo.

Using Deep Ocean Water in the Fermentation of Antrodia cinnamomea to Boost Magnesium Ion Bioabsorption and Anti-Inflammatory Effects in the Brain of an Alzheimer’s Disease Rat Model

“…Aβ formation is one of the pathological hallmarks of AD. APP is cleaved by TACE and BACE to form Aβ40 [37][38][39][40][41]. Past studies have compared the effects of mycelia and the fruiting bodies of A. cinnamomea on improving the memory and learning ability of AD rats.…”

Nasal delivery of neurotherapeutics via nanocarriers: Facets, aspects, and prospects

“…Majority of hydrophilic compounds are unable to cross the BBB, owing to the presence of the efflux transporters like P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and other multi-drug-related protein transporters ( Matsumoto et al, 2017 ; Patel et al, 2018 ). Due to their poor ability to cross the BBB, high first-pass effect, and frequent off-site targeting ( Goel et al, 2022 ), and prospective peptide-based ( Ayyalasomayajula and Suresh, 2018 ; Trapani et al, 2018 ) or gene delivery ( Malhotra et al, 2013 )-based therapies continue to be in the translational phase ( Goel, et al, 2022 ).…”

Boosting the autophagy‐lysosomal pathway by phytochemicals: A potential therapeutic strategy against Alzheimer's disease

“…31,32 Natural phytochemicals have recently gained greater attention as alternative therapeutic agents against AD. 33,34 In this review, research relating to the mechanism of action and medicinal effects of phytochemicals will focus on the specific active compounds in the herb. 35,36 Recent developments in natural compound structures have heightened the need for characterization of their therapeutic potentials in neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.…”

“…Recently, Calsolaro and McGeer provided comprehensive reviews on the stages of AD, but emphasized that there are no drugs approved for the treatment of neuroinflammation in AD yet 31,32 . Natural phytochemicals have recently gained greater attention as alternative therapeutic agents against AD 33,34 . In this review, research relating to the mechanism of action and medicinal effects of phytochemicals will focus on the specific active compounds in the herb 35,36 .…”