Mechanistic insights into sodium storage in hard carbon anodes using local structure probes

Stratford, Joshua M.; Allan, Phoebe K.; Pecher, Oliver; Chater, Philip A.; Grey, Clare P.

doi:10.1039/c6cc06990h

Cited by 261 publications

(290 citation statements)

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“…Indeed, the validity of the mechanism was provedb y several experimental studies. [35] The XRD PDF analysis was also performed and it was concluded that micrographiticd omains of pristine hard carbonsw ere comprised of curved graphene sheetsw hichm ade the interplanar separation dependento nt he penetration vector, r,r ather than being as ingle-value parameter throughout the crystallite. [31] Their arguments were supported by the decrease in the SAXS intensity ( Figure 5) from the nanoporousr egion,o wing to their filling by sodium.T he same authors also reportedashift of the (002) graphitic peak to lower 2q valuesi mmediately after completion of the sloping region, with no further change in the low-voltage region ( Figure 6).…”

Section: Mechanism Of Sodium Storagei Nhard Carbonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hard Carbons for Sodium‐Ion Battery Anodes: Synthetic Strategies, Material Properties, and Storage Mechanisms

et al. 2018

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Sodium-ion batteries are attracting much interest due to their potential as viable future alternatives for lithium-ion batteries, in view of the much higher earth abundance of sodium over that of lithium. Although both battery systems have basically similar chemistries, the key celebrated negative electrode in lithium battery, namely, graphite, is unavailable for the sodium-ion battery due to the larger size of the sodium ion. This need is satisfied by "hard carbon", which can internalize the larger sodium ion and has desirable electrochemical properties. Unlike graphite, with its specific layered structure, however, hard carbon occurs in diverse microstructural states. Herein, the relationships between precursor choices, synthetic protocols, microstructural states, and performance features of hard carbon forms in the context of sodium-ion battery applications are elucidated. Derived from the pertinent literature employing classical and modern structural characterization techniques, various issues related to microstructure, morphology, defects, and heteroatom doping are discussed. Finally, an outlook is presented to suggest emerging research directions.

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Section: Mechanism Of Sodium Storagei Nhard Carbonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The carbon microtubules synthesized at1 300 8C( HCT-1300) had ac ontribution of 115mAh g À1 from the sloping region to the total ca- Figure 5. [35].) a) SAXS profile of the fresh electrode, ready to discharge.…”

Section: Storage-capacity Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hard Carbons for Sodium‐Ion Battery Anodes: Synthetic Strategies, Material Properties, and Storage Mechanisms

et al. 2018

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“…The two electrochemical processes of a sloping region followed by a process close to 0 V vs. sodium suggest that sodium insertion proceeds via a two‐stage mechanism associated with the two electrochemical signals: intercalation of sodium between nearly parallel layers, followed by the formation of metallic species within the pores of the material at low voltages . To explore the proposed mechanisms, X‐ray total‐scattering PDF analysis was used to study local structures for Na insertion in the higher‐ and lower‐voltage processes, and the results are shown in Figure a . A differential PDF, where the PDF for the pristine carbon is subtracted from the PDF at various points in the discharge, highlights additional interactions present on the insertion of sodium: samples discharged to 300 mV and 180 mV along the sloping region show only minor features at very low r (<7 Å).…”

Section: Novel Methods For Sodium‐ion Battery Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Novel Methods For Sodium‐ion Battery Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Methods for Sodium‐Ion Battery Materials

Zhao

et al. 2017

Small Methods

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Sodium‐ion batteries (NIBs) as an ideal candidate for large‐scale energy‐storage systems (ESSs) have been the subject of extensive attention worldwide as a result of the ever‐growing energy demands. Development of advanced NIB techniques with potentially higher performance is of great concern to meet the requirements of ESSs. Based on modern material characterization methods and technological optimizations, the systematic understanding of rechargeable batteries has been further developed. Novel methods for NIB materials could provide a rational guideline for the fundamental understanding and practical optimization of battery systems. Here, the focus is mainly on a discussion of novel or fresh experimental methods and characterization techniques for NIB materials from the relationships between properties and performances, which are roughly classified into four parts: structure‐related techniques, composition‐related techniques, size‐ and morphology‐related techniques, and surface‐ and interface‐related techniques. Respective detection mechanisms of each method will be discussed, and special attention is paid to examples of these characterization techniques for NIB devices. It is hoped that by the study of NIB‐related details, a certain reference to the development of advanced materials can be provided.

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“…Their second observation was that the capacity corresponding to the sloping voltage region decreases after thermal treatment (see Figure 6e) together with the amount of local defects as deduced from Raman, without increasing the degree of graphitization, as no significant change of the interlayer distance was observed. [52] Moreover, two previously reported experimental studies based on in situ small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) [52] and ex situ 23 Na nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) [56,58] converge in concluding that the low voltage plateau is associated with an insertion of sodium into the fine structure pores of the hard carbon in an intermediate oxidation state between Na + and Na metal. It is a quite puzzling result given that a previous report of ex situ X-ray diffraction patterns performed at various states of charge in hard carbon show that the interlayer distance already increases upon oxidation during the sloping voltage region below 1 V (see Figure 6c), [25] and more significantly than during the low voltage plateau, which is also confirmed by the shift of the G band in the Raman spectra.…”

Section: Charge Storage Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Na‐Ion Batteries for Large Scale Applications: A Review on Anode Materials and Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation

Muñoz‐Márquez

Saurel

Gómez-Cámer

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

290

196

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Once lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology has reached a maturity level enough to be the battery of choice for consumer electronics and power tools, it will be very well positioned to take over transport applications while displacing, for instance, NiCd and Ni-MH technologies. However, a major challenge is waiting for us in the near term: large scale and low cost stationary energy storage. This will be crucial for boosting the efficiency, adaptability, and reliability of the next-generation power grid. The use of stationary energy storage systems coupled to the The urgent need for optimizing the available energy through smart grids and efficient large-scale energy storage systems is pushing the construction and deployment of Li-ion batteries in the MW range which, in the long term, are expected to hit the GW dimension while demanding over 1000 ton of positive active material per system. This amount of Li-based material is equivalent to almost 1% of current Li consumption and can strongly influence the evolution of the lithium supply and cost. Given this uncertainty, it becomes mandatory to develop an energy storage technology that depends on almost infinite and widespread resources: Na-ion batteries are the best technology for large-scale applications. With small working cells in the market that cannot compete in cost ($/W h) with commercial Li-ion batteries, the consolidation of Na-ion batteries mainly depends on increasing their energy density and stability, the negative electrodes being at the heart of these two requirements. Promising Na-based negative electrodes for large-scale battery applications are reviewed, along with the study of the solid electrolyte interphase formed in the anode surface, which is at the origin of most of the stability problems.

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Mechanistic insights into sodium storage in hard carbon anodes using local structure probes

Cited by 261 publications

References 18 publications

Hard Carbons for Sodium‐Ion Battery Anodes: Synthetic Strategies, Material Properties, and Storage Mechanisms

Hard Carbons for Sodium‐Ion Battery Anodes: Synthetic Strategies, Material Properties, and Storage Mechanisms

Novel Methods for Sodium‐Ion Battery Materials

Na‐Ion Batteries for Large Scale Applications: A Review on Anode Materials and Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation

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