Mechanistic links between vitamin deficiencies and diabetes mellitus: a review

Abstract

Vitamin deficiencies are suspected of causing the increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus. However, this subject has not received adequate attention. This study reviews and communicates the plausible links between vitamin deficiencies and DM. Relevant articles were retrieved from reputable academic databases and the current information revealed that vitamins of primary importance in the pathogenesis of DM are vitamins A, C, D, E, and B-vitamins. Vitamin A enhances beta-cell formation and glucose metabolism. B-vitamins lower homocysteine levels and thus prevent oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, β-cell dysfunction, and insulin resistance. Vitamin C reduces free radicals and enhances superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and blood glucose circulation. Vitamin D prevents autoimmunity and promotes cellular and systemic uptake insulin. Vitamin E reduces free radicals and C -reactive proteins, prevents lipid peroxidation, and improves insulin function. These vitamin deficiencies can result in beta-cell abnormalities, insulin resistance, and insulin insufficiency. The major causes of vitamin deficiencies are low dietary supplementation, malabsorption, diseases, and lifestyle. Fortunately, dietary or therapeutic administration of these vitamins can reverse or delay the mentioned pathologies, resulting in improved diabetic conditions. Therefore, people are advised to consider vitamin intervention in the prevention and treatment of diabetic cases having a vitamin deficiency etiology.

Nutritional Composition and Anti-Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Potential of Femur Bone Extracts from Bovine, Chicken, Sheep, and Goat: Phytochemical and In Vivo Studies

“…During the past years, nutritional deficiencies in the diet have been identified as the primary risk factor for T2DM [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. Nutritional therapies have furthermore demonstrated efficacy in the treatment and prevention of chronic illnesses without producing negative side effects [ 19 , 20 ].…”

Deciphering the complex interplay of risk factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A comprehensive review

“…Additionally, deficiencies can cause decreased lean body mass, defective insulin signaling, and enhanced protein kinase C activity. Vitamins A, C, D, E, and B vitamins are of chief importance in the onset and pathogenesis of T2D [ 178 ]. Vitamin A enhances β-cell formation and glucose metabolism.…”

Environmental Triggers’ Involvement in the Development of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

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“…41 Oxidative stress, autoimmunity, insulin resistance, beta-cell dysfunction, systemic inflammation, obesity, and endothelial dysfunction are all exacerbated by a vitamin B12 deficiency. 35 Vitamin C protects islet cells from free radical attacks by reducing free radical-mediated oxidation processes. 42 Vitamin C aids in the immune defense by increasing B-and T-cell differentiation and proliferation, as well as enhancing many cellular processes of both the innate and adaptive immune systems.…”