“…On the horizontal upward facing surface without confinement, the refrigerant bubbles have a detachment diameter, D b , of the order of 0.5 mm. The area of influence of these bubbles must be less than S i ¼ pD 2 b =4K ¼ 1:13 mm 2 (in this equation K = 2.4 is the maximum value, which can be used to compute the area thermally influenced by the bubble given in [18]). In confined boiling, a single bubble can spread over the entire surface.…”