Mechanistic role of astaxanthin derived from shrimp against certain metabolic disorders

Abstract

Metabolic syndrome are a cluster of metabolic disorders in the same individual. The primary agreement concerning the description of the metabolic syndrome was established by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) in the year of 2005. According to IDF, the main risk factor is obesity which is calculated based on body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference. The additional factors for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome are reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, or blood pressure-. The patho physiology of metabolic syndrome is very composite and is not clearly established. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is high among those individuals who are older, obese, having insulin resistance, and living a sedentary life style. The main risk factors are excess caloric intake, genetics, weight, lifestyle, and aging (Bonomini et al., 2015).Metabolic syndrome and the risk factors associated with this syndrome such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia are the main reasons for increasing medical issues in industrialized countries. The main risk factors for rising metabolic syndrome are physical immobility and a diet high in carbohydrates and fats (O'Neill & O'Driscoll, 2015). Oxidative stress is the main reason that causes metabolic syndrome (Furukawa et al., 2017).Oxidative stress leads elevationed intracellular stage reactive oxygen species (ROS) that causes damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids.Oxidative stress is associated with numerous pathologies (Schieber

Astaxanthin from Crustaceans and Their Byproducts: A Bioactive Metabolite Candidate for Therapeutic Application

“…Considering the health benefits imparted by astaxanthin due to its biological activity as discussed earlier, it is widely distributed among the food web [ 56 ]. The wide arrays of bioactivities possessed by astaxanthin from shrimp byproducts have been found to exhibit health benefits both in vitro and in vivo [ 126 , 127 ]. Astaxanthin reduced the release of interleukins, cycloxygenase-2 and nitric oxide generation, and DNA damage induced by radioactivity as well as improved inflammatory-related pathways [ 110 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 , 132 , 133 , 134 ].…”

“…Cardiovascular disorders are responsible for a large number of deaths worldwide [ 5 , 156 ], and since they are often connected with oxidative stress and ROS, astaxanthin can be used in their prevention due to its strong antioxidative activity [ 126 , 157 , 158 , 159 ]. Furthermore, the oral administration of astaxanthin reduced cholesterol in mice with immediate spread across the body [ 160 ].…”

“…It has also been found that astaxanthin reduces stroke incidence and myocardial infarct size [ 5 ]. Lowered/delayed oxidation of low-density lipoprotein, reduced oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, anti-inflammatory properties, and improved blood rheology are evidence of its beneficial properties against cardiovascular diseases [ 10 , 126 , 159 , 161 , 162 , 163 , 164 , 165 , 166 ]. Astaxanthin administered orally at 50 mg/kg body weight improved kidney function in mouse models [ 167 ].…”

The Role of Astaxanthin as a Nutraceutical in Health and Age-Related Conditions

“…The antioxidant activity of ASX is many times higher than other antioxidants, such as β -carotene or α -tocopherol [ 115 ]. This property explains its therapeutic effects on certain metabolic disorders.…”

Recent Advances and the Mechanism of Astaxanthin in Ophthalmological Diseases

“…In 1938, Kuhn et al originally discovered AST in lobsters as a source of pigment in aquaculture. It was found in various microorganisms and marine organisms, such as yeast, microalgae, salmon, and krill, as well as plants, such as the leaves, owers, fruits, and feathers, playing a role mainly in color rendering [3][4][5]. In 1991, AST was approved as a food supplement, and its biological activity, antioxidant properties, and physiological properties as a precursor to vitamin A were reported in rats and sh [6].…”