Functionalizing
nanoparticles (NPs) with biological molecules is
a promising modern strategy in bionanotechnology to build up smart
bioinorganic devices for medical applications. Bifunctional linkers
provide an interesting and ductile bioconjugation approach especially
because they behave not only as anchoring and tethering agents but
also as spacers between the NP and the biomolecules, which helps in
maintaining their 3D structural and functional properties. In this
work, by means of a wide set of density functional theory (DFT) electronic
structure calculations and density functional tight binding (DFTB)
molecular dynamics simulations, we provide an all-round investigation
of the functionalization of realistic curved TiO2 NPs (2–3
nm size with ∼800 atoms) with a catechol derivative, such as
dopamine and DOPAC. We span from single-molecule adsorption to the
full coverage regime. For the low coverage, we achieve a detailed
description of the mechanisms of molecular adsorption, of the interfacial
electronic charge-transfer effects, and of the processes following
visible light irradiation (exciton formation, trapping, charge carrier
diffusion, or recombination). We then consider a growing molecular
layer on the NP and analyze the self-assembling mechanism and the
effects on the electronic properties of the complex. Finally, for
the maximum coverage (46 molecules per NP) we perform molecular dynamics
runs at 300 K to compare the molecular configuration and electronic
properties of the NP/linker complex interface before and after thermal
treatment to better account for the competition between molecule/surface
and molecule/molecule interactions. The use of curved NP surfaces
combined with dopamine, with respect to a flat one and DOPAC, respectively,
is found to be more effective for bioconjugation.