Mechanobiology of Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells in Orthodontic Tooth Movement

Abstract

Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) possess self-renewal, multilineage differentiation, and immunomodulatory properties. They play a crucial role in maintaining periodontal homeostasis and also participated in orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). Various studies have applied controlled mechanical stimulation to PDLSCs and investigated the effects of orthodontic force on PDLSCs. Physical stimuli can regulate the proliferation and differentiation of PDLSCs. During the past decade, a variety of studies has demonstrated that applied forces can activate different signaling pathways in PDLSCs, including MAPK, TGF-β/Smad, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. Besides, recent advances have highlighted the critical role of orthodontic force in PDLSC fate through mediators, such as IL-11, CTHRC1, miR-21, and H2S. This perspective review critically discusses the PDLSC fate to physical force in vitro and orthodontic force in vivo, as well as the underlying molecular mechanism involved in OTM.

Mechanosensing by Gli1+ cells contributes to the orthodontic force‐induced bone remodelling

“…The cells in periodontal ligament (PDLCs), which contain fibroblasts, osteoblasts, cementoblasts, endothelial cells and stromal/stem cells, are the primary respondents to mechanical force and key factors to alveolar bone remodelling 5,6 . Given the human periodontal ligament stromal/stem cells (hPDLSCs) are obtained and cultured easily in vitro, they have been intensively evaluated to partly elucidate the mechanism of OTM 7,8 . It has been proposed that hPDLSCs respond to mechanical force including differentiating into osteoblasts under tensile stress 5 and promoting maturation of osteoclasts under compressive stress 9,10 .…”

Mechanistic Insight into Orthodontic Tooth Movement Based on Animal Studies: A Critical Review

“…PDL cells, osteocytes, and osteoblasts are the principal mechanosensory cells that produce various cytokines to regulate alveolar bone remodeling in OTM, by converting mechanical force into intracellular signals [ 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 ] ( Figure 1 ). The role of mechanosensors in these cells during OTM will be reviewed later in this paper.…”

“…Wnt/β-catenin signaling is critical for bone homeostasis [ 49 , 50 ]. β-catenin is a transcription factor that is activated by canonical Wnt signaling and translocates to the nucleus in osteoblasts lineage cells subjected to mechanical stimulation [ 90 ].…”

lncRNA HHIP-AS1 Promotes the Osteogenic Differentiation Potential and Inhibits the Migration Ability of Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells

“…PDLSCs are regarded as the seed cells for periodontal tissue reconstruction and remodeling. Additionally, PDLSCs are sensitive to mechanical loading, and the effect of orthodontic force on alveolar bone remodeling is achieved by PDLSCs [20]. Positive signals of PDGFRα and nestin in the PDL were gradually enhanced during orthodontic treatment in an OTM rat model and subsequently dropped on the pressure side, indicating that PDLSCs participated in OTM [21].…”