Oxygen and nitrogen are common but efficient heteroatoms for carbon materials to enhance electronic conductivity and electrochemical reactivity. The carbon−oxygen and carbon−nitrogen bonds are significant for the electrochemical performance of the doped carbon. Among these, CO groups and pyridinic-N have been widely recognized as the most active adsorption sites for Na + . In this work, the percentages of active O/N species on the surface have been regulated by a mechanochemical approach. The high content of CO groups along with pyridinic-N can be achieved in N-doped carbon nanospheres (NCS). NCS as an anode thus delivers a capacity of 281.6 mA h g −1 at 0.03 A g −1 after 120 cycles, which is enhanced by 75.1% in comparison to the untreated sample. It retains 134.9 mA h g −1 at 1 A g −1 up to 2000 cycles. The enhanced sodium storage properties are created by plentiful sodium adsorption sites, including CO groups and defects, and good electronic conductivity induced by pyridinic-N. The present work should supply a reference for adjusting heteroatoms on carbonaceous materials and their application in the energy storage field.