Mechanoluminescence and Photoluminescence Heterojunction for Superior Multimode Sensing Platform of Friction, Force, Pressure, and Temperature in Fibers and 3D‐Printed Polymers

Abstract

Endowing a single material with various types of luminescence, that is, exhibiting a simultaneous optical response to different stimuli, is vital in various fields. A photoluminescence (PL)‐ and mechanoluminescence (ML)‐based multifunctional sensing platform is built by combining heterojunctioned ZnS/CaZnOS:Mn2+ mechano‐photonic materials using a 3D‐printing technique and fiber spinning. ML‐active particles are embedded in micrometer‐sized cellulose fibers for flexible optical devices capable of emitting light driven by mechanical force. Individually modified 3D‐printed hard units that exhibit intense ML in response to mechanical deformation, such as impact and friction, are also fabricated. Importantly, they also allow low‐pressure sensing up to ≈100 bar, a range previously inaccessible by any other optical sensing technique. Moreover, the developed optical manometer based on the PL of the materials demonstrates a superior high‐pressure sensitivity of ≈6.20 nm GPa−1. Using this sensing platform, four modes of temperature detection can be achieved: excitation‐band spectral shifts, emission‐band spectral shifts, bandwidth broadening, and lifetime shortening. This work supports the possibility of mass production of ML‐active mechanical and optoelectronic parts integrated with scientific and industrial tools and apparatus.

Simultaneous NIR photoluminescence and mechanoluminescence from Cr3+ activated MgGa2O4 phosphors with multifunctions for optical sensing

“…S2, ESI†), aligning closely with the binding energy characteristics of trivalent chromium ions within the [CrO 6 ] octahedra. 30,31 We also analyzed and measured the XPS patterns of other elements, which enhances our understanding of the energy levels of other elements.…”

Novel Red Mechanoluminescence in Mn‐Doped ZnGa2S4 Crystal Phosphors via a Molten Salt Shielding Method

“…The improved optical properties indicate that this molten salt method could also be extended to the development of other smart optical crystal structures. [37][38][39] Density functional theory (DFT) was employed to investigate the electronic structure of ZnGa 2 S 4 under different conditions. As illustrated in Figure 6a,b, the substitution of [ZnS 4 ] tetrahedra with [MnS 4 ] tetrahedra in the crystal owing to doping with Mn 2+ ions caused a slight deformation of the crystal structure.…”

Energy Transfer in Mixed Lanthanides Complexes: Toward High‐Performance Pressure Sensors Based on the Luminescence Intensity Ratio

“…[52] Moreover, with mechanoluminescent materials such as ZnS/CaZnOS:Mn 2+ , a very high sensitivity up to 6.2 nm GPa −1 has been achieved. [53] In the low-range pressure, pressure-sensibility induced by the vacuum-enhanced lightto-heat conversion effect has also been demonstrated. [20,50,54] However, the utilization of lanthanide complexes for optical pressure sensing has been relatively unexplored thus far.…”