Mechanoreception in marine copepods: electrophysiological studies on the first antennae

Yen, Jeannette; Lenz, Petra H.; Gassie, Donald V.; Hartline, Daniel K.

doi:10.1093/plankt/14.4.495

Cited by 169 publications

(173 citation statements)

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“…This underlying conservatism of the distal array of setae and segments through ontogeny indicates a requirement for functional continuity in these sensory elements. Electrophysiological studies by Yen et al (1992) of the antennulary setae in ¢ve calanoid genera representing four di¡erent families demonstrated that they are mechanosensors. More speci¢cally, ablation of the distal tip of the antennule in Pleuromamma and Euchaeta deprives the copepod of its rapid escape response to mechanical signals (Lenz & Yen 1993).…”

Section: Discussion (A) Ontogenetic Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Setae are rigid, sclerotized structures and are typically innervated by one or two dendrites (Gresty et al 1993). Setae are demonstrably mechanosensory in function (Yen & Nicoll 1990;Yen et al 1992) and are typical arthropodan mechanosensors in the presence of scolopale bodies around their ciliary bodies. Bimodal elements with both mechanosensory and chemosensory function have also been reported from copepod antennules (Hull & Laverack 1993) and may be more widely distributed than hitherto realized.…”

Section: (D) Enhancement Of the Chemosensory System In Pelagic Copepodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The ontogeny and phylogeny of copepod antennules

Boxshall

Huys

1998

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

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Comparative analysis of the development of antennulary segmentation and setation patterns across six orders of copepods revealed numerous common features. These features are combined to produce a hypothetical general model for antennulary development in the Copepoda as a whole. In this model most compound segments result from the failure of expression of articulations separating ancestral segments. In adult males, however, compound segments either side of the neocopepodan geniculation are typically formed by secondary fusion at the last moult from CoV (stage 5).The array of segments distal to the articulation separating segments XX and XXI is highly conserved both in ontogeny and phylogeny: typically the distal segmentation of the adult female is already present in the CoI. A maximum of three setae is added to the distal array during the entire copepodid phase. This morphological conservatism is interpreted as evidence of the functional continuity of the distal setal array as a mechanosensory system providing early warning of approaching predators.Sexual dimorphism typically appears late in development; the male undergoing modi¢cations especially at the ¢nal moult to sexual maturity. These modi¢cations include the formation of the neocopepodan geniculation at the XX to XXI articulation and, in some orders, the formation of a proximal geniculation at the XV to XVI articulation. A proximal geniculation is reported here from the Calanoida for the ¢rst time. The geniculations allow the male to grasp the female during any mate guarding and during spermatophore transfer. Particular setae on segments either side of the neocopepodan geniculation are modi¢ed as basally fused spines in at least some representatives of the Calanoida, Misophrioida, Cyclopoida, Harpacticoida and Siphonostomatoida.The antennulary chemosensory system, comprising primarily the aesthetascs, is enhanced at the ¢nal moult in many male copepods. In planktonic copepods this enhancement may take the form of a doubling of the aesthetascs on almost every antennulary segment, as in the eucalanid calanoids, or of an increase in size of existing aesthetascs, as in the siphonostomatoid Pontoeciella, or of the transformation of possibly originally bimodal, seta-like elements into distally thin-walled, more aesthetasc-like elements, as in some calanoids, harpacticoids and poecilostomatoids. Enhancement of the chemosensory capacity of adult males appears to be linked with their mate-locating role. Copepods inhabiting the open-pelagic water column are more likely to exhibit enhancement of the chemosensory system than neritic or benthic forms. Enhancement may confer a greater sensitivity to chemosensory signals, such as pheromones produced by receptive females, which may retain their directional information at lower concentrations and, therefore, for longer periods, in oceanic waters than in more turbulent neritic waters.Aesthetascs appear to be more evolutionarily labile than other setation elements, apparently being lost and regained within well-de¢ned lineag...

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Section: Discussion (A) Ontogenetic Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: (D) Enhancement Of the Chemosensory System In Pelagic Copepodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ontogeny and phylogeny of copepod antennules

Boxshall

Huys

1998

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

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“…Predatory copepods are able to remotely detect and adequately respond to prey, presumably by using mechanoreceptors (setae) on their first antennae (A1) to sense preyinduced hydrodynamic disturbances (e.g. Strickler 1975, Yen et al 1992. Based on observations of attacks by Cyclops on swimming Bosmina, Kerfoot (1978) surmised that the predator may become aware of the prey long before it initiates an attack on the prey.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrodynamic signal perception by the copepod Oithona plumifera

Jiang

Paffenhöfer

2008

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Spatio-temporal hydrodynamic signal fields were quantified for ambush-feeding Oithona plumifera females sensing motile Strobilidium ciliates. First, videotaped Oithona-ciliate encounters were image-analyzed to retrieve ciliate trajectories, O. plumifera attack kinematics and reaction distances to the ciliates. Second, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), flow disturbances created by swimming ciliates were examined for 5 common ciliary forcing schemes. Third, using the CFD results and measured ciliate trajectories as inputs, a hydrodynamic model was developed to calculate ciliate-generated hydrodynamic signal patterns for observed encounters. Wide variance was found in measured reaction distances. Good correlations existed between measured predator attack kinematics and measured pre-attack prey locations. Moreover, data analysis showed that O. plumifera preferred small attack angles, presumably to enhance capture success. From hydrodynamic modeling, several distinct spatio-temporal hydrodynamic signal patterns were identified, and estimated hydrodynamic signal strengths immediately prior to attack were all above a minimum required signal level but differed substantially in magnitude. These results support the notion that by monitoring and recognizing the spatio-temporal pattern of ciliate-created flow disturbances, O. plumifera can perceive and project the ciliate's instantaneous location and velocity, and hence precisely time its attack when the ciliate reaches a location where it can most easily be captured. Instead of reacting to a constant signal strength, O. plumifera females adapt their capture behaviors to perceived signal patterns. CFD simulations also revealed species-specific flow patterns and spatial decays in hydrodynamic disturbances created by swimming protists. The predator may use this species-specific information to distinguish among prey species.KEY WORDS: Oithona plumifera · Ciliate · Predator-prey interaction · Hydrodynamic signal perception · Spatio-temporal pattern · Hydrodynamic modeling · Capture difficulty Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherMar Ecol Prog Ser 373: [37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52] 2008 (1) the distance between the predator and the prey may vary with time; (2) the prey may swim at changing speed and/or direction (e.g. swimming along a curved spiral trajectory; Svensen & Kiørboe 2000, Broglio et al. 2001; (3) the prey may switch its swimming behavior (e.g. Kerfoot 1978, Fields & Yen 1997; and (4) the predator may also switch its swimming behavior (e.g. Bundy et al. 1998). Thus, the hydrodynamic signal field should consist of certain spatio-temporal patterns perceived by the predatory copepod. We hypothesize that by monitoring the spatially and temporally varied hydrodynamic signal field (and recognizing the signal patterns), the predatory copepod is able to project the trajectory as well as the instantaneous swimming velocity of the prey, and then to respond accordingly (see also Zare...

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“…Recent data suggest that this region of the antennule may serve as the primary location for the detection of much larger feeding currents or fluid disturbances created by potential predators . Physiological data have shown that setae in the distal region are extremely sensitive to water motion, with neural activity in response to setal tip displacements of less than 10 nm (Yen et al 1992). However, neural stimulation is not synonymous with stimulus recognition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical and neural responses from the mechanosensory hairs on the antennule of Gaussia princeps

Fields¹,

Shaeffer²,

Weissburg³

2002

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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This study investigated the physical and physiological response of individual setae on the antennule of Gaussia princeps. We found significant differences in the physical and physiological responses of the setae to various intensities of water flow. No physiological evidence was found to suggest that individual setae are dually innervated; however, directional bias in both the displacement and subsequent physiological responses was evident. Although more easily displaced by fluid flow, the shortest hairs were physiologically less sensitive to angular deflection than were the longer setae, so that slow flows produced a greater neural response in the long seta. The combination of high resistance to movement and acute physiological sensitivity allows the long seta to respond to biologically driven, low-intensity flows while filtering out high-frequency background noise. This suggests that the most prominent, long, distal setae function as low-flow detectors whereas the short hairs respond to more rapid fluid motion. Each seta responds to only a portion of the overall range of water velocity in the copepod's habitat. Thus, the entire sensory appendage, which consists of an ensemble of setae of different morphologies and lengths, may function as a unit to code the intensity and directionality of complex fluid disturbances.

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Mechanoreception in marine copepods: electrophysiological studies on the first antennae

Cited by 169 publications

References 0 publications

The ontogeny and phylogeny of copepod antennules

The ontogeny and phylogeny of copepod antennules

Hydrodynamic signal perception by the copepod Oithona plumifera

Mechanical and neural responses from the mechanosensory hairs on the antennule of Gaussia princeps

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