Meconium aspiration syndrome: An overview of the literature

Abstract

Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS), a critical cause of morbidity and mortality in term newborns, mostly results from antepartum or postpartum aspiration of meconium-stained amniotic fluid (MSAF). The severity of MAS can vary from self-resolving to serious complications, such as persistent pulmonary hypertension or mortality. Concepts regarding pathophysiology and management have undergone drastic changes over the last few decades. For example, in both vigorous and nonvigorous neonates with MSAF, routine endotracheal suctioning during resuscitation is not recommended. There is no proven therapy for MAS; therefore, management is primarily supportive. Respiratory support, surfactant, inhaled nitric oxide, corticosteroids, and bronchoalveolar lavage significantly improved the overall outcome of MAS. This review will provide an overview of the challenges in understanding the complicated pathophysiology of MAS and optimal therapies for treating MAS.