Medial femoral condyle morphometrics and subchondral bone density patterns in Thoroughbred racehorses

Walker, Wade T.; Kawcak, Christopher E.; Hill, Ashley E.

doi:10.2460/ajvr.74.5.691

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…In addition to bone density patterns and mechanical properties, subchondral bone also dynamically adjusts trabecular orientation and scale parameters in a precise relationship with principal stress [15]. Mechanical stress also modifies the contour and shape of subchondral bone by means of bone modeling and remodeling [16].…”

Section: The Structure and Function Of Subchondral Bonementioning

confidence: 99%

Subchondral bone in osteoarthritis: insight into risk factors and microstructural changes

et al. 2013

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Osteoarthritis (OA) is a major cause of disability in the adult population. As a progressive degenerative joint disorder, OA is characterized by cartilage damage, changes in the subchondral bone, osteophyte formation, muscle weakness, and inflammation of the synovium tissue and tendon. Although OA has long been viewed as a primary disorder of articular cartilage, subchondral bone is attracting increasing attention. It is commonly reported to play a vital role in the pathogenesis of OA. Subchondral bone sclerosis, together with progressive cartilage degradation, is widely considered as a hallmark of OA. Despite the increase in bone volume fraction, subchondral bone is hypomineralized, due to abnormal bone remodeling. Some histopathological changes in the subchondral bone have also been detected, including microdamage, bone marrow edema-like lesions and bone cysts. This review summarizes basic features of the osteochondral junction, which comprises subchondral bone and articular cartilage. Importantly, we discuss risk factors influencing subchondral bone integrity. We also focus on the microarchitectural and histopathological changes of subchondral bone in OA, and provide an overview of their potential contribution to the progression of OA. A hypothetical model for the pathogenesis of OA is proposed.

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Section: The Structure and Function Of Subchondral Bonementioning

confidence: 99%

Subchondral bone in osteoarthritis: insight into risk factors and microstructural changes

et al. 2013

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“…Bone mineral density and morphometry measurements are usually performed in vitro using microCT scanners. However, both are also accomplished using clinical CT scanners in horses with high reliability and repeatability .…”

Section: Computed Tomographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in articular cartilage evaluation using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging

Nelson

Kawcak

Barrett

et al. 2018

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Articular cartilage is a critical joint tissue and its evaluation remains a diagnostic challenge in horses. Coupled with a poor capacity for healing, early degenerative changes in articular cartilage are difficult to characterise using routine diagnostic imaging evaluations. Both computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provide volumetric joint assessment and highlight morphological and quantitative properties of articular cartilage, improving assessment of this essential tissue. While the use of CT and MRI for joint evaluation is not new, there still remains a shortage of literature and scientific studies on the ability of these methods to evaluate articular cartilage in the horse. This review article summarises current CT and MRI techniques capable of characterising equine articular cartilage, highlights recent advances in these techniques and discusses the numerous methods studied in human subjects that have been minimally investigated in horses. Imaging techniques are presented in terms of their capabilities of offering morphological and quantitative evaluation along with a discussion of their benefits and limitations. Finally, it summarises the current state-of-the-art approaches and identifies unmet clinical imaging needs to propel the advancement of articular cartilage and joint imaging in the horse.

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“…70 Similarly, in North American Thoroughbred race horses that run counterclockwise around the race track, this asymmetric loading leads to increased density of the right caudoaxial medial femoral condyle subchondral bone plate and trabeculae. 143 There may also be anatomical differences in the response to mechanical loading given that juvenile sheep that were exercised had increased periosteal bone deposition proximally, but increased osteoclastic remodeling distally. 87 The mechanostat model also takes into account a number of nonmechanical modulators, such as hormones, nutrition, the central and peripheral nervous systems, behavior, drugs, and other environmental factors.…”

Section: Mechanical Forces and Bone Adaptation Wolff's Law And The Mementioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of bone response to injury

Dittmer

Firth

2017

J VET Diagn Invest

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Bone, despite its relatively inert appearance, is a tissue that is capable of adapting to its environment. Wolff's law, first described in the 19th century, describes the ability of bone to change structure depending on the mechanical forces applied to it. The mechanostat model extended this principle and suggested that the amount of strain a bone detects depends on bone strength and the amount of muscle force applied to the bone. Experimental studies have found that low-magnitude, high-frequency mechanical loading is considered to be the most effective at increasing bone formation. The osteocyte is considered to be the master regulator of the bone response to mechanical loading. Deformation of bone matrix by mechanical loading is thought to result in interstitial fluid flow within the lacunar-canalicular system, which may activate osteocyte mechanosensors, leading to changes in osteocyte gene expression and ultimately increased bone formation and decreased bone resorption. However, repetitive strain applied to bone can result in microcracks, which may propagate and coalesce, and if not repaired predispose to catastrophic fracture. Osteocytes are a key component in this process, whereby apoptotic osteocytes in an area of microdamage promote targeted remodeling of the damaged bone. If fractures do occur, fracture repair can be divided into 2 types: primary and secondary healing. Secondary fracture repair is the most common and is a multistage process consisting of hematoma formation and acute inflammation, callus formation, and finally remodeling, whereby bone may return to its original form.

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Medial femoral condyle morphometrics and subchondral bone density patterns in Thoroughbred racehorses

Cited by 11 publications

References 50 publications

Subchondral bone in osteoarthritis: insight into risk factors and microstructural changes

Subchondral bone in osteoarthritis: insight into risk factors and microstructural changes

Recent advances in articular cartilage evaluation using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging

Mechanisms of bone response to injury

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