“… 3 PMGCTs are divided into seminomas, nonseminomatous GCTs (NSGCTs) (including yolk sac tumor, embryonal carcinoma, and choriocarcinoma), and teratomas according to histological differences. 4 NSGCTs are often associated with increased serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and/or beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG), which contributes to disease diagnosis and treatment surveillance. 5 In clinical practice, we usually define mature teratoma as a benign disease, and other PMGCTs are considered as the malignant kinds.…”