Medical Countermeasures and Other Therapeutic Strategies for Sulfur Mustard Toxicity

Vijayaraghavan, R.; Gautam, Anshoo; Sharma, Mukut

doi:10.1016/b978-012374484-5.00060-2

Cited by 9 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 172 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In SM injury to human skin, recognizable skin pathology does not usually occur for several hours to a day after exposure 91 . Oral pretreatment with drugs against SM has been studied in experimental models for accessing their protective efficacy 9,98 . It was a common belief that the stronger bactericidal effect of an antiseptic agent has more deleterious effect on living tissue, and earlier studies have shown impaired wound healing with the use of iodine 122,123 .…”

Section: Current Treatment For Sm Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Sulphur Mustard Induced Toxicity, Mechanism of Action and Current Medical Management

Pant

Lomash

2016

Def. Life. Sc. Jl.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Sulphur mustard (SM), chemically, bis (2-chloroethyl) sulphide is a bifunctional alkylating agent that causes cutaneous blisters in human or animals. It was first used in the World War I. Since then, there have been 11 conflicts where SM allegedely had caused mass distruction. Additionally, discarded weapons and stockpiles periodically come to surface during agricultural or fishing activities leading to serious injury. Concerns for threat to modern societies by the serious effects of SM, agreements to ban its production and the use has been made as per 1993 chemical weapons convention (CWC) and agent destruction programs. This short review attempts to discuss the histroy, chemical nature, mechanism of toxicity, toxicokinetics, animal models used for SM induced skin and systemic lesions, pathogenesis of SM induced lesions including medical countermeasures for SM toxicity.

show abstract

Section: Current Treatment For Sm Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Their strong cytotoxic effects were found to be useful in the therapy of cancer 8 . The ease of availability of precursors, the simple method of synthesis and extremely stable nature of SM make it a weapon of choice by military and terrorist groups 9,10 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sulphur Mustard Induced Toxicity, Mechanism of Action and Current Medical Management

Pant

Lomash

2016

Def. Life. Sc. Jl.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…There is no specific antidote for SM intoxication. A variety of compounds have been evaluated as antidotes using in vitro and in vivo models but none of them are recommended as standard therapy (Vijayaraghavan et al, 2009). In the case of eye contamination the eye should be washed with water.…”

Section: Treatment Of Sulphur Mustard Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Oxidative stress is one of the many causes of the mustard agents' toxicity and antidotes directed against them have proven to be beneficial. Antioxidants can enhance survival time, protect liver and lung from oxidative damage and also reduce accumulation of purine metabolites in SM toxicity (Kumar et al, 2001;Vijayaraghavan et al, 2009). Among the various types of nucleophiles, the flavonoids appear to be very promising.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Flavonoid Treatment for Mustard Agents' Toxicity

Vijayaraghavan¹,

Gautam²

2012

Oxidative Stress - Environmental Induction and Dietary Antioxidants

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…The simple method of synthesis, extremely stable nature, and easy availability of precursors make SM a chemical weapon of choice by the military and terrorist groups. Decontamination is one of the prime approaches for protection against chemical warfare agents, but it is effective only when done in the first few minutes of the exposure . A variety of formulations have been developed for the decontamination of vesicants.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel decontaminant and wound healant formulation of N,N′‐dichloro‐bis[2,4,6‐trichlorophenyl]urea against sulfur mustard–induced skin injury

Lomash

Pant

2014

Wound Repair Regeneration

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Sulfur mustard (SM)-induced dermatotoxicity can be prevented by an immediate use of decontamination agents. However, practically due to the time lapse between decontamination and exposure, there is always a possibility of wound formation. In view of this, a hydrophilic decontamination formulation of CC-2 (DRDE/WH-03) was fortified with Aloe vera gel and betaine (DRDE/WH-01) for improving its wound healing ability. Swiss albino mice were exposed to SM percutaneously (5 mg/kg) once, and after 24 hours, DRDE/WH-01, DRDE/WH-03, framycetin, and aloe gel were applied topically, daily for 7 days. Skin sections were subjected to histopathology, histomorphologic grading, tissue leukocytosis, and immunohistochemistry of inflammatory-reparative biomarkers on 3 and 7 days, respectively. DRDE/WH-01, framycetin, and aloe gel showed better reepithelialization, angiogenesis, and fibroplasia compared with DRDE/WH-03 and SM control. On the basis of histomorphologic scale, DRDE/WH-01, framycetin, and aloe gel were found to be equally efficacious. Up-regulation of interleukin-6 and infiltrating leukocytes, endothelial nitric oxide synthase and angiogenesis, fibroblast growth factor, and transforming growth factor-alpha with fibroplasia and reepithelialization were well correlated at various stages of the healing process. DRDE/WH-01 was equally effective as framycetin and has shown improved wound healing efficacy compared with DRDE/WH-03. Thus, DRDE/WH-01 can be recommended as a universal decontaminant and wound healant against vesicant-induced skin injury.

show abstract

Medical Countermeasures and Other Therapeutic Strategies for Sulfur Mustard Toxicity

Cited by 9 publications

References 172 publications

Sulphur Mustard Induced Toxicity, Mechanism of Action and Current Medical Management

Sulphur Mustard Induced Toxicity, Mechanism of Action and Current Medical Management

Flavonoid Treatment for Mustard Agents' Toxicity

A novel decontaminant and wound healant formulation of N,N′‐dichloro‐bis[2,4,6‐trichlorophenyl]urea against sulfur mustard–induced skin injury

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About