Medical Imaging in Pediatric Neuro-Ophthalmology

Advances in pediatric orbital magnetic resonance imaging

“…Its cause in children is frequently unknown; the most plausible reasons being a demyelination process, viral illness or postimmunization. Its association with multiple sclerosis is not as strong as it is in adults [41,42,47,48].…”

“…It can be unilateral or bilateral. MRI is recommended in all patients to rule out associated pathologies such as absence of the septum pellucidum, pituitary stalk, neuronal migration anomalies, and craniofacial abnormalities [38,42,43].…”

Fetal optic nerve sheath measurement as a non‐invasive tool for assessment of increased intracranial pressure

“…Intracranial pressure (ICP) is increased in children with hydrocephalus, intracranial tumors and pseudotumor cerebri, and may be associated with increased mortality and poor neurological outcome1. Experimental and clinical studies in adults and children have found that increased ICP leads to enlargement of the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD), and that this finding precedes papilledema2–6.…”

Imaging of Pediatric Orbital Diseases

“…64,65 Papilledema is usually a bilateral condition, although asymmetry may be seen on clinical examination. Imaging is indicated to evaluate the underlying cause.…”

“…64 Drusen usually presents with intraocular calcifications; when located at the optic nerve head, bulky drusen may mimic papilledema on fundoscopy and on thinsection, high-resolution T2-weighted MR images. In such patients, ocular US demonstrates the characteristic echogenic, mineralized focus at the optic papilla (see Fig.…”