“…However, several information sources in this review conceptualized cannabis intoxication as child abuse, with calls for CPS involvement (Pelissier et al, 2014), even in jurisdictions where it had been legalized (Thomas et al, 2018;Murti, 2017;Bergeron et al, 2017;Friedman et al, 2017;Heard et al, 2017) and without discussion of broader implications and potential harms of CPS involvement. (Hines et al, 2018) Given the documented history of racism and overrepresentation of Black and Indigenous families in CPS systems in North America (Denison et al, 2014;Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2016) and persistent racism in health care (Mahabir et al, 2021), blanket recommendations for CPS involvement in all cases of cannabis intoxication may impact families decisions to seek care for their children in the case of acute cannabis intoxication (Pelissier et al, 2014). However, this concern is impossible to evaluate in the current literature because of the very small number of information sources in this review that reported race or ethnicity.…”