Medical Mycology

Detection and Identification of Gonococci Resistance to Cephalosporin and Determination the Most Effective Empirical Treatment for Gonococcal Urethritis in Male Human in Egypt

“…During three years 2017-2020 33 clinical isolates were collected (urethral Open Journal of Medical Microbiology discharge swab) from male patients in varying ages diagnosed as uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis (UGU) obtained from National Institute of Urology and Nephrology in Cairo with disease diagnostic sheet and full history to each patient. Urethral discharge collected by the physician after cleaning urethral meatus with gauze soaked in physiological saline (0.9% w/v), at least one hour before voiding [25] [26]. Sample taken by inserting Rayon swab gently 2 -3 cm into the anterior urethra and rotated from side to side [25], the purulent discharge expressed out by pressing at the base of the penis before inserting swab [24] [26] [27]; kept swab in Amies transport medium equipped in medical center [25] [28]; transporting to microbiology lab within 24 hours [27] [28] [29]; Make a fresh smear of urethral discharge specimens for Identification of polymorphic intraleuckocytes kidney shape diplococci by microscopic examination and Gram staining so Gram staining is very high specific & diagnostic tool for symptomatic male urethritis, the sensitivity of gram stain is up to (95%) and specifity is up to (97%) [12] [25] [26] [28] [30]; urethral discharge isolates was cultivated on selective media (Modified Thyer Martine medium with (VCNT) supplement)at optimal conditions, Bacterial culture is still considered the gold standard to diagnosis Neisseria gonorrhoeae especially in urogenital specimens, bacterial culture is high sensitive and high specific, sensitivity may reach (85% -95%) undergo optimal conditions, and specifty up to (100%) considered diagnostic test [12] [19] [25] [26] [28] [30] [31]; Identification of tested organism by Colonies morphological features, biochemical tests of gonococci (Oxidase test, Catalase test and Carbohydrate fermentation test) and Gram staining of bacterial colonies to detect Gram-negative kidney shape diplococci [25] [28] [32]; then by disc diffusion method applied Antimicrobial susceptibility testing according to (Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute, CLSI) using antibiotics with MIC according to international standards and measuring IZD according to antimicrobial susceptibility testing reference ranges in international standards [12] [25] [26] [28] [31] [32] [33]; selected anti-biotic discs represent all functional anti-biotic groups as: Penicillins (first generation): Penicillin G, 10 IU, Aminopenicillins (3 red generation of penicillins): Amoxycillin, 10 µ...…”

Assessment of Microbial Indicators of Water Resources in KooheHava and TangeKhoor Free Area

“…The Canidae (Domestic and wild ones) have become vectors of asymptomatic salmonellosis in many cases and can release Salmonella bacteria through feces into the environment [12]. Klebsiella can cause pneumonia [13]; Enterobacter is somewhat similar to Escherichia coli and, like Klebsiella, plays some role in urinary tract infections and causes pneumonia, wound infection, and septicemia in hospitalized patients [14]. So, the spread of pathogens in the environment due to human activities may cause many diseases in humans, livestock and wildlife [15].…”

Immune response to hepatitis B vaccine

“…[ 6 ] HBV is more infectious than human immunodeficiency virus or hepatitis C virus and as little as 10 −5 mL of blood can be infectious. [ 7 ] HBV vaccine has been available since 1982 and recombinant DNA vaccine since 1987 with a seroprotection of 85%–90%. [ 8 ] HBV vaccination has been adopted in the Universal Immunization Programme in India in 2007–2008 following its recommendation by the World Health Organization in the 1990s, and several studies have been done on vaccination efficacy among children.…”