Medical Plant Extract Purification from Cadmium(II) Using Modified Thermoplastic Starch and Ion Exchangers

Abstract

Pure compounds extracted and purified from medical plants are crucial for preparation of the herbal products applied in many countries as drugs for the treatment of diseases all over the world. Such products should be free from toxic heavy metals; therefore, their elimination or removal in all steps of production is very important. Hence, the purpose of this paper was purification of an extract obtained from Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo and cadmium removal using thermoplastic starch (S1), modified TPS with poly (butylene succinate); 25% of TPS + 75% PBS (S2); 50% of TPS + 50% PLA (S3); and 50% of TPS + 50% PLA with 5% of hemp fibers (S4), as well as ion exchangers of different types, e.g., Lewatit SP112, Purolite S940, Amberlite IRC747, Amberlite IRC748, Amberlite IRC718, Lewatit TP207, Lewatit TP208, and Purolite S930. This extract is used in cancer treatment in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis with differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, gel permeation chromatography, surface analysis, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and point of zero charge analysis were used for sorbent and adsorption process characterization, as well as for explanation of the Cd(II) sorption mechanism.

Comparison of different extraction methods of active ingredients of Chinese medicine and natural products

“…At present, the classical extraction methods of CM and natural products mainly include decoction [25,26], maceration [27][28][29], reflux [30,31], percolation [21], steam distillation [32] and sublimation [33,34]. With the development of modern separation science and equipment, some new technologies such as ultrasonic waveassisted extraction (UAE) [35][36][37][38], microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) [39][40][41][42], supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) [43][44][45][46][47], enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) [48,23,49], membrane separation extraction (MSE) [50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57], ultrafine grinding technology (UGT) [58][59][60][61][62][63][64], microporous resin adsorption technology (MRAT) [65][66][67][68]…”

“…At present, the classical extraction methods of CM and natural products mainly include decoction [25, 26], maceration [27–29], reflux [30, 31], percolation [21], steam distillation [32] and sublimation [33, 34]. With the development of modern separation science and equipment, some new technologies such as ultrasonic wave‐assisted extraction (UAE) [35–38], microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) [39–42], supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) [43–47], enzyme‐assisted extraction (EAE) [48, 23, 49], membrane separation extraction (MSE) [50–57], ultrafine grinding technology (UGT) [58–64], microporous resin adsorption technology (MRAT) [65–70], semi‐bionic extraction (SBE) [71, 72], immune selective extraction (ISE) [73–77], molecular‐distillation technology [78–82], molecularly‐imprinted polymer extraction (MIPE) [83–88], UPE [89–93], liquid chromatographic extraction (LCE) [94–99], solid‐phase extraction (SPE) [100–107], liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) [108–112], etc. have been given birth to.…”

“…It is a selective adsorption means of active organic components from hydrophilic aqueous solutions by chemisorption using a high molecular adsorbent with a good network structure and high specific surface area. Also included are processes that use ion exchange groups to remove heavy metal ions [65,66]. The adsorbent materials are classified into three categories: non-polar, moderately polar, and polar, and their pore sizes can be controlled during preparation.…”

Conversion of corn shell as biomass solid waste into carbon species for efficient decontamination of wastewater via heavy metals adsorption

“…Wastewater treatment becomes a vital issue for developing countries in regards to the water as well as environmental securities. Conventional techniques such as solid-liquid extraction [8,9], liquid-liquid extraction [10,11], precipitation [12,13], and sorption [14,15] have been applied for heavy metals removal from aqueous solution. Although these technologies are frequently used, they have intrinsic disadvantages, e.g., high-energy requirements, byproduct formation, and high sludge production [3][4][5][6][7][8].…”