Medical Safety in Boxing: Administrative, Ethical, Legislative, and Legal Considerations

Schwartz, Michael B.

doi:10.1016/j.csm.2009.06.003

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…The injury rate was 12.8 injuries per 1 000 h of training. Boxers fighting more than 3 bouts per year sustain more injuries (p = 0.0075 essential for the physicians in charge of boxers to have knowledge about the injuries to be expected and their frequency, thus highlighting the need for high-quality studies [15,40]. The current study was designed as a prospective (12 months) epidemiological survey of competitive boxers.…”

Section: Introduction ▼mentioning

confidence: 99%

Injuries in Competitive Boxing. A Prospective Study

et al. 2014

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Boxing remains a subject of controversy and is often classified as dangerous. But the discussion is based mostly on retrospective studies. This survey was conducted as a prospective study. From October 2012 to September 2013, 44 competitive boxers were asked to report their injuries once a month. The questionnaire collected general information (training, competition) and recorded the number of bouts fought, injuries and resulting lost days. A total of 192 injuries were recorded, 133 of which resulted in interruption of training or competition. Each boxer sustained 3 injuries per year on average. The injury rate was 12.8 injuries per 1?000?h of training. Boxers fighting more than 3 bouts per year sustain more injuries (p=0.0075). The injury rate does is not a function of age (age?19 vs. >?19a, p=0.53). Injuries to the head and the upper limbs occur most frequently. The most common injuries are soft tissue lacerations and contusions. Head injuries with neurological symptoms rarely occur (4.2%). Boxing has a high injury rate that is comparable with other contact sports, but most injuries are minor. Injury frequency is not a function of whether the boxer competes in the junior or adult category. Athletes fighting many bouts per year have a greater risk of injury.

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Section: Introduction ▼mentioning

confidence: 99%

Injuries in Competitive Boxing. A Prospective Study

et al. 2014

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“…This has been claimed previously, but not based on solid evidence or statistically proven. 31,38,53,65 Despite the risks, Clausen et al 15 found no indication of a decline in professional boxing participation over the past 70 years. Violence is justified in the context of sport when it would otherwise be considered a crime.…”

Section: Higher Incidence Of Injuries In Professional Boxingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence Rates and Pathology Types of Boxing-Specific Injuries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Epidemiology Studies in the 21st Century

Mao

Zhao

et al. 2023

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine

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Background: To the best of our knowledge, an evidence-based investigation into 21st-century boxing-specific injury rates and types has yet to be performed. Purpose: To provide an overview and quantitative synthesis of the incidence rates (IRs) and pathological categorizations of boxing-specific injuries in the 21st century. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, we searched literature published from January 2000 to November 2021 in PubMed and the Cochrane Library systematically for qualifying epidemiology studies of organized boxing activities across the world. Two independent reviewers completed the literature review, data extraction, and quality assessment. The IRs of injuries per 1000 boxers (IRN), per 1000 competition exposures (IRE), and per 1000 minutes of competition (IRC) or training (IRT) were subsequently calculated. Single-arm meta-analyses were performed for the subgroups of different types of boxing. Sample size weighted means were calculated using a random-effects model in all studies with 95% CIs. Results: Out of an initial 9584 articles, 14 studies were included, with most (11/14) having a moderate level of quality. The pooled IRN in overall injuries was 223.9 (95% CI, 157.5-290.4), the IRE was 233.3 (95% CI, 161.3-305.2), and the IRC was 13.0 (95% CI, 8.9-17.1). In professional boxing, the IRN (399.8), IRE (379.8), and IRC (23.9) were all significantly higher than in the amateur and female groups. The IRE (76.6 vs 250.6; P < .000) and IRC (9.2 vs 15.4; P < .000) in amateur boxing were significantly lower in studies between 2010 and 2019 than in earlier studies. For pathology categorization, the pooled frequencies were 12.3% (95% CI, 8.7%-15.9%) for concussion, 21.4% (95% CI, 14.1%-28.6%) for skin laceration, 30.2% (95% CI, 22.1%-38.2%) for soft tissue contusion, 15.3% (95% CI, 7.7%-22.9%) for sprain and muscle/ligament injury, and 11.4% (95% CI, 2.7%-20.1%) for fracture. Conclusion: IRs of injury remain high in professional boxing, although they have decreased in the past 10 years in amateur boxing. Soft tissue contusion was the most common injury type. Better exposure measurements and epidemiologic indicators should be applied in future studies. Registration: CRD42021289993 (PROSPERO).

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“…(14, p.621) But this service of doctors at the ringside is also a question for bioethics. The doctor's role at boxing competitions has developed into a complex specialty in sport medicine with its proper medical responsibilities, alongside important ethical, and legal aspects (45)(46). For instance, in Norway the issue concerns whether doctors may participate as the ringside physician in combat sports events where knockout is permitted, or accept the role of medical expert in appeals or approvals boards for such events without violating their code of professional ethics (47).…”

Section: Background Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%