This article is one of ten reviews selected from the Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2010 (Springer Verlag) and co-published as a series in Critical Care. Other articles in the series can be found online at http://ccforum/series/yearbook. Further information about the Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine is available from http://www.springer.com/series/2855. Slagt et al. Critical Care 2010, 14:208 http://ccforum.com/content/14/2/208 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. mon i tor ing and measurement of cardiac output [13][14][15]. A substantial knowledge database has been built up since then, in a variety of institutions, patient populations, and circumstances [16]. However, in the absence of any rigidly proven survival benefi t, the catheter has become discredited in critical care medicine [12][13][14][15][16]. Th e lack of apparent benefi t may relate, in part, to adverse eff ects of insertion, improper use, poor interpretation of hemodynamic data, and inadequate treatment decisions based on the collected variables, or combinations of these factors [20]. Conversely, the value of pulmonary artery pressures, pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP), mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO 2 ), and right heart volumes, some of the variables that can be uniquely assessed at the bedside of the critically ill patient with help of the PAC and right-sided thermodilution, remains hotly debated [13][14][15]20]. Th e patient population or circumstance that is most likely to benefi t from pulmonary artery catheterization is, therefore, still being actively looked for [13-15, 21, 22].
R E V I E WA second generation hemodynamic monitoring principle includes the less invasive transpulmonary (dye) thermodilution technique, e.g. PiCCO. Th is technique off ers the unique possibility of estimating cardiac preload volumes, measurements of which are not confounded by mechanical ventilation in contrast to pressure and dynamic indices of preload and fl uid responsiveness, and of extravascular lung water as a direct measure of pulmonary edema and permeability. Dilutional methods to measure cardiac output include the transpulmonary lithium and indocyanine green (pulse dye) techniques, allowing peripheral injections and peripheral and, for pulse dye, non-invasive detection.Pulse-contour or pulse-power methods, needing relatively frequent recalibration for optimal performance in tracking changes in cardiac output, are...