Medical therapy for glaucoma: A review

Casson, Robert J.

doi:10.1111/ceo.13989

Cited by 39 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 141 publications

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“…Although the effectiveness of the pilocarpine's oral administration against Sjögren's syndrome and the xerostomia-induced by radiotherapy is demonstrated by the numerous aforesaid studies, the systemic administration of this drug is affiliated with various adverse effects [63]. Typical adverse effects are sweating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, rhinitis, headache, chest pain, abdominal cramps, dizziness, palpitations, chills and influenzalike symptoms, increased urinary frequency and increased lacrimation [64][65][66][67][68]. Taking into consideration the pilocarpine's pharmacological action on the exocrine glands, along with the sweat, salivary, lacrimal, pancreatic and intestinal glands, irrefutably, the aforementioned side effects are characterized as anticipated.…”

Section: Adverse Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on the Role of Pilocarpine on the Management of Xerostomia and the Importance of the Topical Administration Systems Development

2022

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Xerostomia is linked to an increased risk of dental caries, oral fungal infections, and speaking/swallowing difficulties, factors that may significantly degrade patients’ life, socially- or emotionally-wise. Consequently, there is an increasing interest in developing management approaches for confronting this oral condition, at which pilocarpine, a parasympathomimetic agent, plays a vital role. Although the therapeutic effects of orally administrated pilocarpine on the salivary gland flow and the symptoms of xerostomia have been proved by numerous studies, the systemic administration of this drug is affiliated with various adverse effects. Some of the typical adverse effects include sweating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, rhinitis, dizziness and increased urinary frequency. In this vein, new strategies to develop novel and effective dosage forms for topical (i.e., in the oral cavity) pilocarpine administration, in order for the salivary flow to be enhanced with minimal systemic manifestations, have emerged. Therefore, the purpose of the current review is to survey the literature concerning the performance of topical pilocarpine delivery systems. According to the findings, the topical delivery of pilocarpine can be regarded as the equivalent to systemic delivery of the drug, efficacy-wise, but with improved patient tolerance and less adverse effects.

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Section: Adverse Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on the Role of Pilocarpine on the Management of Xerostomia and the Importance of the Topical Administration Systems Development

2022

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“…Topical and systemic medications, laser treatments, and surgical procedures are currently used to lower intraocular pressure ( Kang and Tanna, 2021 ; Meier-Gibbons and Toteberg-Harms, 2021 ). Prostaglandin analogs (PGAs) are considered as a front-line medications for the treatment of glaucoma owing to their clinical efficacy to reduce IOP, mode of administration (once-daily dosing), and minimal side-effect profile ( Tang et al, 2019 ; Aihara, 2021 ; Casson, 2022 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical pharmacology and pharmacogenetics of prostaglandin analogues in glaucoma

Zhou

Zhan²,

Wei³

2022

Front. Pharmacol.

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Glaucoma is the main cause of irreversible visual loss worldwide, and comprises a group of progressive, age-related, and chronic optic neuropathies. Prostaglandin analogs are considered a first-line treatment in the management of glaucoma and have the best efficacy in reducing intraocular pressure. When comparing these therapeutic agents between them, long-term therapy with 0.03% bimatoprost is the most effective followed by treatment with 0.005% latanoprost and 0.004% travoprost. The prevalence of adverse events is lower for latanoprost than for other prostaglandin analogs. However, some patients do not respond to the treatment with prostaglandin analogs (non-responders). Intraocular pressure-lowering efficacy differs significantly between individuals partly owing to genetic factors. Rs1045642 in ABCB1, rs4241366 in SLCO2A1, rs9503012 in GMDS, rs10306114 in PTGS1, rs11568658 in MRP4, rs10786455 and rs6686438 in PTGFR were reported to be positive with the response to prostaglandin analogs in patients with glaucoma. A negative association was found between single nucleotide polymorphisms of PTGFR (rs11578155 and rs6672484) and the response to prostaglandin analogs in patients with glaucoma. The current review is an analysis of the information relevant to prostaglandin analog treatments based on previous literatures. It describes in detail the clinical pharmacology and pharmacogenetics of drugs belonging to this therapeutical class to provide a sound pharmacological basis for their proper use in ophthalmological clinical practice.

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“…Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major risk factor, and lowering the IOP through medication or surgery is the main therapeutic option. Numerous risk factors, such as genetics, inflammation, ocular blood flow, and oxidative stress have been proposed by diverse nonclinical and clinical studies; however, the only reliable parameter used in clinical practice is IOP [ 5 , 6 ]. Elevated IOP levels are associated with retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death and inhibit blood flow, leading to oxidative stress [ 7 , 8 , 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fingertip-Measured Skin Carotenoids and Advanced Glycation End Product Levels in Glaucoma

et al. 2022

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Carotenoids have antioxidant properties, and the accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is associated with reactive oxygen species production; they have attracted attention as factors predictive of the onset and progression in glaucoma. Fingertip measurement is applicable for carotenoids and AGEs due to its noninvasiveness and simplicity. The study included 663 eyes of 663 Japanese subjects (357 males, 306 females). The mean age was 69.9 years with a standard deviation of 11.0. The study population comprised participants with primary open-angle glaucoma (PG) (n = 358), exfoliation glaucoma (EG) (n = 168), and controls (n = 137). Multivariate models suggested that lower skin carotenoid (SC) levels were associated with male gender (standard β = −0.14), AGE scores (−0.24), and a history of intraocular surgery (−0.22). Higher SC levels were associated with higher vegetable intake scores (0.21 for score 3) and diabetes (0.10). However, no association was seen between SCs and glaucoma type. AGEs levels were negatively associated with carotenoid scores (−0.25), PG (−0.15), and smoking habits (−0.26) and positively correlated with EG (0.14). SCs and AGEs were negatively correlated in the single regression analysis (r = −0.20, p < 0.0001). In conclusion, higher levels of AGEs may be candidates for systemic biomarkers of glaucoma associated with the exfoliation syndrome. SC levels can reflect self-reported daily vegetable intake.

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Medical therapy for glaucoma: A review

Cited by 39 publications

References 141 publications

A Review on the Role of Pilocarpine on the Management of Xerostomia and the Importance of the Topical Administration Systems Development

A Review on the Role of Pilocarpine on the Management of Xerostomia and the Importance of the Topical Administration Systems Development

Clinical pharmacology and pharmacogenetics of prostaglandin analogues in glaucoma

Fingertip-Measured Skin Carotenoids and Advanced Glycation End Product Levels in Glaucoma

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