Medical THz imaging: an investigation of histo-pathological samples

Knobloch, P.; Schildknecht, Christian; Kleine‐Ostmann, Thomas; Koch, Martin; Hoffmann, Stefan; Hofmann, Martin R.; Rehberg, E.; Sperling, M.; Donhuijsen, K; Hein, G.; Pierz, K.

doi:10.1088/0031-9155/47/21/327

Cited by 117 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…These results indicate that histopathological diagnosis using optical microscopy may be replaced by THz images in the future. Previous reports indicate that, especially in basal cell carcinoma, different kinds of tissues are clearly distinguishable in THz images due to THz transmittance variation (Knobloch et al 2002;Woodward et al 2002aWoodward et al , 2002bWoodward et al , 2003Wallace et al 2004a). Recently, Fitzgerald et al (2006) reported the possibility of breast cancer diagnosis using THz images with a fresh, nonfixed tissue specimen as well as a paraffin specimen.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These tendencies are also applicable to normal myocardial tissue, necrotic or degenerated lesions, and scar lesions in which collagen fibers are dominant. There have been several reports of a clear contrast in THz images between cancer and normal tissues (Knobloch et al 2002;Woodward et al 2002aWoodward et al , 2002bWoodward et al , 2003. As important factors that influence the absorbance of THz waves in basal cell carcinoma (BCC), Woodward et al described the roles of water contained in tissues and the difference of cell density between the tumor and normal regions in the skin (Woodward et al 2002a(Woodward et al , 2002b(Woodward et al , 2003.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Use in imaging for histopathological diagnosis has been reported since the latter half of the 1990s. Contrast images associated with different degrees of absorption or reflection of THz waves have been obtained for normal tissues, such as muscles, fatty tissue and cartilage, as well as for cancer tissue (Arnone et al 1999;Knobloch et al 2002;Woodward et al 2002aWoodward et al , 2002bWoodward et al , 2003Wallace et al 2004a;Nishizawa et al 2005;Fitzgerald et al 2006;Nakajima et al 2007).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Terahertz-Wave Spectroscopy for Precise Histopathological Imaging of Tumor and Non-tumor Lesions in Paraffin Sections

Miura

Kamataki

Uzuki

et al. 2011

Tohoku J. Exp. Med.

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Terahertz (THz; 10 12 Hz) waves have a frequency from 0.1 to 10 THz between the visible light and microwave domains. THz waves are expected to be useful for analysis of the histological features, without any staining procedure that is an indispensable prerequisite for optical microscopy. It has been demonstrated that THz transmittances at cancer and normal tissues are different. However, spectroscopy that is currently used is applicable for imaging only small areas at fixed-wavelength. In this study, we have developed a spectrometer employing a gallium phosphide (GaP) THz-generator and applied it to examine large areas of tissue specimens using a wide range of wavelengths. We thus examined the whole areas of two paraffin sections (metastatic liver cancer and acute myocardial infarction) in a frequency range of 1 to 6 THz, and compared the THz images of ordinary paraffin sections with the histological features detected by microscopy. THz imaging showed striking contrasts between cancerous and non-cancerous regions at 3.7 THz. Likewise, the precise imaging was achieved in the infarct myocardium at 3.6 THz. Images of THz transmittances in optimal wavelength were well matched with HE histological features both in cancer and myocardial tissues. Cancer regions showed higher transmittance than non-cancerous regions in liver. Old scar regions showed low transmittance, and necrotic regions showed relatively higher transmittance than normal myocardial areas. Thus, THz imaging precisely reflects tissue conditions such as tumor, non-tumor tissues, tissue degeneration and fibrosis. The newly established THz spectroscopy would be useful for pathological diagnosis of routinely processed specimens.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Terahertz-Wave Spectroscopy for Precise Histopathological Imaging of Tumor and Non-tumor Lesions in Paraffin Sections

Miura

Kamataki

Uzuki

et al. 2011

Tohoku J. Exp. Med.

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“…Earlier studies have suggested that water content is a major contributory factor for contrast in THz images since tumors generally contain a higher water content than normal tissue and liquid water has high attenuation for THz waves [21][22][23]. Although several other studies have used paraffinembedded tissues [24][25][26], the fundamental mechanisms underlying the contrast in THz images of the dehydrated paraffin-embedded samples that differentiate tumor from normal tissue are not clear at this stage. However, the different contrasts for tumors and normal tissues in THz images of dehydrated paraffin-embedded samples may be due to other components, including cell density, proteins, and DNA.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Terahertz Pulse Imaging of Micro-metastatic Lymph Nodes in Early-stage Cervical Cancer Patients

Jung

Lim

Moon

et al. 2011

Journal of the Optical Society of Korea

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Lymph node metastasis is an important prognostic factor in cervical cancer patients. We report THz imaging for detecting micro-metastatic foci in the lymph nodes of early-stage uterine cervical cancer patients. Five paraffin-embedded metastatic lymph nodes from two cervical cancer patients were imaged using a THz time-domain spectroscopy system in the reflection mode. The size and shape of the tumor regions were compared with those from histopathologic examinations. The metastatic portions of lymph nodes as small as 3 mm were well delineated by THz imaging. The reflected peak amplitudes were lower in metastatic portions than in the normal portions of lymph nodes, and the difference in their peak-to-peak amplitudes was ~5%.

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“…A number of groups have demonstrated image contrast between tissues, though using, in general, very small numbers of samples. These demonstrations include data from pork and chicken [Mittleman et al 1999, Arnone et al 1999, Bezant 2000, Han et al 2000, Loeffler et al 2001, human tooth enamel and dentine [Ciesla et al 2000], human skin in vivo [Cole et al 2001], Spanish Serrano ham [Ferguson and Abbott 2001], histopathologically prepared human liver [Knobloch et al 2002] and canine tumour [Loeffler et al 2001]. A study on healthy tissue that includes repeated measurements from dehydrated tooth samples from seven individuals and freshly excised tissue samples from two donors has been reported [Berry et al 2003b].…”

Section: Safety Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-Frequency Analysis in Terahertz-Pulsed Imaging

Berry

Boyle²,

Fitzgerald

et al.

Advances in Pattern Recognition

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Recent advances in laser and electro-optical technologies have made the previously under-utilized terahertz frequency band of the electromagnetic spectrum accessible for practical imaging. Applications are emerging, notably in the biomedical domain. In this chapter the technique of terahertz pulsed imaging is introduced in some detail. The need for special computer vision methods, which arises from the use of pulses of radiation and the acquisition of a time series at each pixel, is described. The nature of the data is a challenge since we are interested not only in the frequency composition of the pulses, but also how these differ for different parts of the pulse. Conventional and short-time Fourier transforms and wavelets were used in preliminary experiments on the analysis of terahertz pulsed imaging data. Measurements of refractive index and absorption coefficient were compared, wavelet compression assessed and image classification by multidimensional clustering techniques demonstrated. It is shown that the timefrequency methods perform as well as conventional analysis for determining material properties. Wavelet compression gave results that were robust through compressions that used only 20% of the wavelet coefficients. It is concluded that the time-frequency methods hold great promise for optimizing the extraction of the spectroscopic information contained in each terahertz pulse, for the analysis of more complex signals comprising multiple pulses or from recently introduced acquisition techniques.

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Medical THz imaging: an investigation of histo-pathological samples

Cited by 117 publications

References 28 publications

Terahertz-Wave Spectroscopy for Precise Histopathological Imaging of Tumor and Non-tumor Lesions in Paraffin Sections

Terahertz-Wave Spectroscopy for Precise Histopathological Imaging of Tumor and Non-tumor Lesions in Paraffin Sections

Terahertz Pulse Imaging of Micro-metastatic Lymph Nodes in Early-stage Cervical Cancer Patients

Time-Frequency Analysis in Terahertz-Pulsed Imaging

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