Medications used for prevention and treatment of postoperative endodontic pain: a systematic review

Abstract

Objective: Prevention and management of postoperative endodontic pain is a common challenge for the endodontists. This systematic review was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of medicament therapeutic protocols in the prevention and management of endodontic pain. Methods: A literature search was undertaken in MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, LILACs, and SciELO, for articles published until December 2017, without year restriction and written only in English. An additional search was performed in the references of the retrieved studies. Study eligibility criteria, participants, and interventions: The inclusion criteria were randomised clinical trials that evaluated the use of medications to prevent or control moderate to severe pain in adult patients, using a visual analog scale as a tool for pain measurement. The primary outcome evaluated was the reduction of pain scores. The second outcome evaluated was the need for additional analgesia and the occurrence of adverse events. Study appraisal and synthesis methods: The quality assessment of the included studies was performed following the Jadad scale to measure the likelihood of bias in pain research reports. Results: After removing duplicates and excluding the studies that did not meet the selection criteria, ten studies were included tin the systematic review. Among these studies, five studies administered the medications before the endodontic procedures and five studies after. These studies evaluated non-opioid analgesics (acetaminophen), opioid analgesics (tramadol and codeine), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (ibuprofen, flurbiprofen, ketorolac tromethamine, etodolac, tenoxicam, and naproxen), steroidal anti-inflammatory (prednisolone) or the association of medications to prevent or control postoperative pain. It was possible to establish a significant relationship between the use of additional analgesics and periapical diagnosis. Adverse events were not observed when the administration occurred before the endodontic procedure. When it was administered after the procedure, adverse reactions were reported in 2 of 3 trials included in the analysis. Limitations: A restricted number of randomised clinical trials were found, and the difference in the methodology of the studies did not meet the definition of a systemic treatment protocol for prevention or control of postoperative pain. Conclusion: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the most common medicament to prevent and control postoperative pain, with ibuprofen being the most investigated. There is a significant association between the use of additional analgesics and periapical diagnoses.

Analgesic Efficacy of Ibuprofen and Diclofenac Potassium on Postoperative Endodontic Pain in Maxillary and Mandibular First Molars with Irreversible Pulpitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

“…Inclusion criteria for enrolled participants were as follows: ( 1 ) age range of 18–65 years, ( 2 ) demonstrating no underlying systemic disease, ( 3 ) having one maxillary or mandibular first molar with the diagnosis of irreversible pulpitis requiring one-visit endodontic treatment, ( 4 ) no pregnancy or nursing for female participants, ( 5 ) ability to read and comprehend the visual analogue scale (VAS) sheets and informed consent, ( 6 ) absence of any radiographic evidence of periapical lesions, ( 7 ) absence of generalised periodontal disease, ( 8 ) no intake of analgesics in the past 6 hours, ( 9 ) absence of any known allergies to the materials used in the root canal treatment or NSAIDs, ( 10 ) not currently taking opioids, tricyclic antidepressants, carbamazepine, gabapentin, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, diuretics, or anticoagulants, ( 11 ) and no history of opioid addiction.…”

“…The periradicular tissues could be irritated by mechanical instrumentation, irrigants, and intracanal medicaments, leading to PEP ( 2 ). Although root canal therapy decreases odontogenic pain in many cases, analgesics are often required to mitigate PEP adequately ( 3 ). Various medications, including paracetamol, corticosteroids, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), can reduce PEP ( 3 ).…”

“…Although root canal therapy decreases odontogenic pain in many cases, analgesics are often required to mitigate PEP adequately ( 3 ). Various medications, including paracetamol, corticosteroids, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), can reduce PEP ( 3 ). NSAIDs have both peripheral and central impacts on pain reduction ( 4 ).…”

A Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies in Support of the Role of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Dentistry

“…However, numerous studies have evaluated the possibility of using orally administered NSAIDs as a routine treatment for irreversible inflammation of the pulp and periapical tissues [ 108 ]. Despite numerous analyses and studies, the effectiveness of the preventive use of NSAIDs prior to endodontic treatment to relieve pain/inflammation after the procedure has not been confirmed [ 109 ]. The studies have mostly evaluated the effect of ibuprofen at a dose of 400–600 mg, which was recommended every 4 to 6 h to relieve pain after root canal treatment.…”

“…The studies have mostly evaluated the effect of ibuprofen at a dose of 400–600 mg, which was recommended every 4 to 6 h to relieve pain after root canal treatment. Although the efficacy of NSAIDs has not been clinically confirmed, increasing the dose of the drug or administering another NSAID is not recommended [ 110 ]. If pain persists after NSAID, additional administration of an opioid, such as codeine, is suggested [ 109 , 111 , 112 ].…”