Medición de la calidad de vida en adultos mayores institucionalizados de Lima (Perú)

Abstract

Introducción: Los adultos mayores experimentan cambios a nivel físico, cognitivo, social y emocional que tienen un impacto en su calidad de vida. Por lo tanto, resulta necesario disponer de instrumentos con adecuadas propiedades de medición para identificar y medir esta variable, de modo que las inferencias o interpretaciones sean válidas para la toma de decisiones. Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue analizar las propiedades de medición del cuestionario de calidad de vida WHOQOL-OLD en adultos mayores peruanos institucionalizados.Método: Participaron 300 adultos mayores de 65 años (Medad=78.41) institucionalizados en un asilo de la ciudad de Lima, donde 173 (57.7%) fueron hombres y 127 (42.3%) fueron mujeres. Se analizó la estructura interna del WHOQOL-OLD a través del análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) y la validez convergente con el Índice de Calidad de Vida (ICV). Asimismo, se estimaron puntuaciones de fiabilidad y se obtuvo un baremo para la muestra de estudio.Resultados: Los resultados indican que la estructura de seis factores del WHOQOL-OLD presenta un ajuste satisfactorio con los datos (CFI = .97; TLI = .97; SRMR = .02; RMSEA= .06) y una adecuada consistencia interna (alfa de Cronbach entre .94 y .98). Asimismo, se evidencian relaciones significativas con las dimensiones autonomía (rs = .13, p < .05) y participación social del ICV (rs = .16, p < .01).Conclusiones: El cuestionario de calidad de vida WHOQOL-OLD cuenta con evidencias empíricas de validez y fiabilidad que lo sitúan como un instrumento adecuado para medir la variable de la calidad de vida. Introduction: Older adults experience physical, cognitive, social, and emotional changes that impact their quality of life. It is therefore necessary to have instruments with appropriate measurement properties to identify and measure this variable, so that inferences or interpretations are valid for decision-making.Objective: This study analyzes the measurement properties of the WHOQOL-OLD questionnaire for Peruvian institutionalized seniors.Method: Participants included 300 adults over 65 years (Mage=78.41) institutionalized in a nursing home in the city of Lima, of which 173 (57.7%) were men and 127 (42.3%) were women. The internal structure of the WHOQOL-OLD was assessed through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), whereas the convergent validity was analyzed using the Quality of Life Index (QLI). In addition, reliability scores were calculated and a scale for the study sample was obtained.Results: The results show that the structure of the six factors involved in the WHOQOL-OLD is suitably adjusted to data (CFI = .97; TLI = .97; SRMR = .02; RMSEA = .06), with proper internal consistency (Cronbach’s α ranging from .94 to .98). Likewise, it is possible to observe significant relationships with the autonomy (rs = .13, p < .05) and social involvement (rs = .16, p < .01) dimensions included in the QLI.Conclusions: The WHOQOL-OLD Quality of Life Questionnaire has empirical evidence of validity and reliability that makes it an appropriate instrument to measure the quality of life variable.

Quality of Life in Older Adults: Evidence from Mexico and Ecuador

“…Our findings on the dimensions of quality of life in older adults of both countries were consistent with previous studies carried out in other Latin-American countries such as Brazil [ 74 ], Chile [ 68 ], Peru [ 42 , 75 ], and Mexico itself [ 41 ]. Specifically, the levels of quality of life of the Mexican older adults reported in our study are similar to those shown by González-Celis and Gómez-Benito [ 41 ].…”

“…Specifically, the levels of quality of life of the Mexican older adults reported in our study are similar to those shown by González-Celis and Gómez-Benito [ 41 ]. On the other hand, the perception of quality of life indicated by the Ecuadorian and Mexican older adults participating in our study was higher than the results obtained by Urzúa and Navarrete in Chile [ 68 ] and Queirolo et al [ 42 ] and Hernandez-Huayta et al [ 75 ] in Peru.…”

“…Important meta-analyses on the quality of life in older adults [ 37 , 38 ], and there are numerous studies with different emphasis in Latin America regarding the quality of life of the elderly [ 29 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 ]. Among them, Vitorino et al [ 40 ] found that a higher perception of quality of life is associated with a higher level of schooling and the practice of physical and leisure activities.…”

Quality of Life in the Administrative workers of the education of a UGEL in North Lima

“…(9,10) Therefore, older adults are an important issue in which a priority challenge is represented for health authorities and health professionals, whose function is to provide a better quality of life for successful aging. (11,12,13) A study conducted in Poland found that people aged 60 to 80, almost 30 % suffer from at least a moderate level of disability and more than 10 % experience severe disability. However, the dominant age group studied were people between 60 and 80 years old.…”

Validación del Módulo WHOQOL-OLD en personas atendidas en Organizaciones para el Adulto Mayor

“…Por otro lado, en el enfoque del envejecimiento, el Tercer Plan Nacional de Derechos Humanos [7, p. 59] elaboró un plan de Derechos que se incorporó a la población adulta mayor como grupo de especial protección, proponiendo acciones estratégicas que contribuyan a cumplir con las políticas públicas diseñadas por el Estado, y con ello, estudios como "Medición de la calidad de vida en adultos mayores institucionalizado de Lima" [8], el "Nivel de dependencia y la percepción de la calidad de vida de los adultos mayores del centro de atención residencial geriátrico San Vicente de Paúl" [9], el "Calidad de vida y estrategias de afrontamiento en adultos mayores de Lima Metropolitana" [10], entre otros; muestran cómo la aplicación del Módulo WHOQOL-OLD arroja resultados que pueden ser considerados para obtener información sobre la Calidad de Vida del adulto mayor, siendo importante por ello, validar dicho instrumento.…”