Medieval Islamic Achievement in Optics

Lindberg, David C.

doi:10.1364/opn.14.7.000030

Cited by 5 publications

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“…On the subject of optics, ibn Al‐Haytham wrote, in Arabic, a lengthy book entitled ( Kita‐b Al‐Manazir , Book of Optics), which was an influential book in the Islamic world and Europe until the 17th century (Lindberg, ; Hehmeyer and Khan, ; Unal and Elcioglu, ). His goal was to take the entire optical tradition, separate the truth from error and blend the truth into a single successful account of the phenomena of light and vision (Lindberg, ). The Book of Optics had the earliest preserved diagrams of the eyes and their connection to the brain (Fig.…”

Section: Major Pre‐vesalius Muslim Scholars That Worked On Human Anatomymentioning

confidence: 99%

An untold story: The important contributions of Muslim scholars for the understanding of human anatomy

Alghamdi

Ziermann

Diogo

2017

The Anatomical Record

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It is usually assumed that Galen is one of the fathers of anatomy and that between the Corpus Galenicum and the Renaissance there was no major advance in anatomical knowledge. However, it is also consensually accepted that Muslim scholars had the intellectual leadership from the 8th/9th to 13th centuries, and that they made remarkable progresses in numerous scientific fields including medicine. So, how is it possible that they did not contribute to advance human anatomy during that period? According to the dominant view, Muslim scholars exclusively had a passive role: their transmission of knowledge from the Greeks to the West. Here, we summarize, for the first time in a single paper, the studies of major Muslim scholars that published on human anatomy before Vesalius. This summary is based on analyses of original Arabic texts and of more recent publications by anatomists and historians, and on comparisons between the descriptions provided by Galen and by these Muslim scholars. We show that Arabic speakers and Persians made important advances in human anatomy well before Vesalius. The most notable exception concerns the muscular system: strikingly, there were apparently neither advances made by Muslims nor by Westerners for more than 1000 years. Unbiased discussions of these and other related issues, and particularly of the mainly untold story about the major contributions of Muslim scholars to anatomy, are crucial to our knowledge of the history of anatomy, biology and sciences, and also of our way of thinking, biases, and prejudices. Anat Rec, 300:986-1008, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Section: Major Pre‐vesalius Muslim Scholars That Worked On Human Anatomymentioning

confidence: 99%

An untold story: The important contributions of Muslim scholars for the understanding of human anatomy

Alghamdi

Ziermann

Diogo

2017

The Anatomical Record

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“…Additionally, there are descriptions in Greek literature which describe liquid lenses — glass spheres filled with water. The Greek works on optics focused on the vision and mechanism of light transmission and fell into three distinct traditions: extramission, intromission and a combination of the two (Lakhtakia, ; Lindberg, ). Intromission theories required the object's being viewed to continuously emit the particles that traveled to the eye of the observer.…”

Section: Greek Opticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…He focused on the crystalline humor (or lens) as a round lens in the center of the eye. He boldly concluded that the crystalline lens was sensitive to light and was the principal part of the eye (Lindberg, ).…”

Section: Greek Opticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medieval Arab Contributions to Optics

Khan

2016

Digest Mid East Studies

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The year 2015 was the United Nations’ International Year of Light and Light‐based Technologies. The year long activities created a forum for scientists and engineers and all others inspired by light, to interact with each other and with the public so as to learn more about the nature of light and its many applications. It was also a time to promote and celebrate the Medieval Arab contributions to optics. The year 2015 marked the 1000th anniversary of the seven volume encyclopedia on optics written by the great Arab scientist, Ibn al‐Haytham. Here, we present the Medieval Arab achievements in optical sciences and its impact on the European renaissance.

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“…Cette oeuvre, qui s'est transmise en Occident au début du 13 e siècle, a grandement influencé les travaux sur l'optique de la plupart des savants de la Renaissance [11]. L'un des premiers à avoir étudié et diff usé les travaux d'Ibn al-Haytham est Roger Bacon (1214-1292), qui fut aussi l'un des premiers à prendre conscience de l'importance de l'héritage arabe dans les domaines de la science et de la philosophie.…”

Section: L'apport D'ibn Al-haythamunclassified

“…Jusqu'au 17 e siècle, Alhazen reste une des références qui inspirent la culture, l'art, la peinture à travers tout le continent européen [12]. [11].…”

Section: Histoire De L'optique Histoire De L'optiqueunclassified

L’Optique Arabe de la période médiévale. L’exemple d’Ibn al Haytham

Boudrioua

2015

Photoniques

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Dans l'antiquité, la lumière était considérée comme un « Feu » D ans l'antiquité, la lumière était considérée comme un « Feu » et ce qui intéressait les Grecs n'était pas la lumière mais la vision − d'où le mot optique, du grec optikos qui signifie « relatif à la vue ». Deux théories s'affrontaient : la théorie du « feu visuel » ou extramission, et la théorie du « feu externe » ou intromission [1,2]. Dans la théorie d'extramission, on considérait que la vision était assurée par un rayon lumineux émis par l'oeil. La théorie de l'intromission quant à elle considérait que les formes physiques ou « simulacres » pénétraient dans l'oeil en provenance des objets. Plus tard, les

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Medieval Islamic Achievement in Optics

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

An untold story: The important contributions of Muslim scholars for the understanding of human anatomy

An untold story: The important contributions of Muslim scholars for the understanding of human anatomy

Medieval Arab Contributions to Optics

L’Optique Arabe de la période médiévale. L’exemple d’Ibn al Haytham

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