Medieval pulse of great earthquakes in the central Himalaya: Viewing past activities on the frontal thrust

Rajendran, C. P.; John, Beena Mary; Rajendran, Kusala

doi:10.1002/2014jb011015

Cited by 90 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(95 reference statements)

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“…1a). This region has not experienced any great magnitude earthquake since 1344 event (Kumahara and Jayangondaperumal 2013;Rajendran et al 2015;Malik et al 2016) or probably the event has not been precisely documented in historical chronicles. Few large magnitude earthquakes 6.6 ≥ Mw ≤ 7.8 have occurred in this region such as 1991 Uttarkashi earthquake Mw 6.9, 1999 Chamoli earthquake Mw 6.6, 1803 Mw 7.2 in Central Himalaya, and 1833 Mw 7.8 with an epicenter in the inferred rupture zone of 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake (Bilham 1995) (Fig.…”

Section: Seismicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Trench excavation across Kaladungi Fault-a branching out fault from HFT-suggested that Event I occurred between 467 BC and 570 AD; Event II between 1294 and 1587 AD, and Event III, the Most Recent Event between 1750 and 1932 AD . Another trench excavation at Belparao village near Ramnagar across 13 m high scarp suggested that the slip along the faults in the trench is due to two earthquakes (Rajendran et al 2015). They suggested that an older event around 1050-1259 AD and the younger event around 1259-1433 AD (Rajendran et al 2015).…”

Section: Central Himalaya Ramnagar Sectormentioning

confidence: 99%

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Overestimation of the earthquake hazard along the Himalaya: constraints in bracketing of medieval earthquakes from paleoseismic studies

Arora

Malik

2017

Geosci. Lett.

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The Himalaya is one of the most seismically active regions of the world. (Mw 7.8) are the testimony to ongoing tectonic activity. In the last few decades, tremendous efforts have been made along the Himalayan arc to understand the patterns of earthquake occurrences, size, extent, and return periods. Some of the large magnitude earthquakes produced surface rupture, while some remained blind. Furthermore, due to the incompleteness of the earthquake catalogue, a very few events can be correlated with medieval earthquakes. Based on the existing paleoseismic data certainly, there exists a complexity to precisely determine the extent of surface rupture of these earthquakes and also for those events, which occurred during historic times. In this paper, we have compiled the paleo-seismological data and recalibrated the radiocarbon ages from the trenches excavated by previous workers along the entire Himalaya and compared earthquake scenario with the past. Our studies suggest that there were multiple earthquake events with overlapping surface ruptures in small patches with an average rupture length of ~300 km limiting Mw 7.8-8.0 for the Himalayan arc, rather than two or three giant earthquakes rupturing the whole front. It has been identified that the large magnitude Himalayan earthquakes, such as 1905 Kangra, 1934 Bihar-Nepal, and 1950 Assam, that have occurred within a time frame of 45 years. Now, if these events are dated, there is a high possibility that within the range of ±50 years, they may be considered as the remnant of one giant earthquake rupturing the entire Himalayan arc. Therefore, leading to an overestimation of seismic hazard scenario in Himalaya.

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Section: Seismicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Central Himalaya Ramnagar Sectormentioning

confidence: 99%

Overestimation of the earthquake hazard along the Himalaya: constraints in bracketing of medieval earthquakes from paleoseismic studies

Arora

Malik

2017

Geosci. Lett.

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“…The MHT fault emerges at the surface along the front of the Himalayan foothills (e.g., Avouac 2003;Ader et al 2012). The MFT dips about 30°(e.g., Rajendran et al 2015) and the MBT about 60°-90°(e.g., Ni and Barazangi 1984). Both of them appear to merge with the MHT at depth-the plane of detachment, commonly referred to as the décollement (Fig.…”

Section: Tectonics and Setting Of Receiver Faultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Coulomb stress changes in south Tibet (central Himalayas) due to the 25th April 2015 M W 7.8 Nepal earthquake using a Coulomb stress transfer model

Cheng

Meng

2016

Earthq Sci

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After M W 7.8 Nepal earthquake occurred, the rearrangement of stresses in the crust commonly leads to subsequent damaging earthquakes. We present the calculations of the coseismic stress changes that resulted from the 25th April event using models of regional faults designed according to south Tibet-Nepal structure, and show that some indicative significant stress increases. We calculate static stress changes caused by the displacement of a fault on which dislocations happen and an earthquake occurs. A M W 7.3 earthquake broke on 12 May at a distance of * 130 km SEE of the M W 7.8 earthquake, whose focus roughly located on high Coulomb stress change (CSC) site. Aftershocks (first 15 days after the mainshock) are associated with stress increase zone caused by the main rupture. We set receiver faults with specified strikes, dips, and rakes, on which the stresses imparted by the source fault are resolved. Four group normal faults to the north of the Nepal earthquake seismogenic fault were set as receiver faults and variant results followed. We provide a discussion on Coulomb stress transfer for the seismogenic fault, which is useful to identify potential future rupture zones.

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“…Over the last decade several teams have worked on the Indian and Nepal parts of the central Himalaya to gain insights into its earthquake generation capabilities. Historical data from the central Himalaya suggest damaging earthquakes in AD 1255, 1344, 698 C P Rajendran 1408, 1505, 1803, and 1833, although their sources and magnitudes remain debated (Rajendran et al, 2015) present new evidence for a great earthquake from a trench across the base of a 13-m high scarp near Ramnagar at the Himalayan Frontal Thrust. Age data suggest that the last great earthquake in the central Himalaya most likely occurred between AD 1259 and 1433.…”

Section: Research Activities During 2010-2016mentioning

confidence: 99%

Paleoseismology: 2010-2016

Rajendran¹

2016

Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy

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We present here an overview of progress in paleoseismological/active fault researches in India during 2010-2016. These studies initiated in the country in early nineties have now expanded in scope and gained further momentum. Moving into a greater variety of morphological settings, several groups of researchers are now involved in defining the fault geometry and the nature of near-surface crustal deformation in various tectonic regimes with a view to constrain the frequency and magnitude of fault activations, thereby contributing to earthquake hazard evaluations. Future challenges would include integrating paleoseismological observations with relevant geophysical inputs and developing physical models of the complete earthquake cycle, ultimately leading to an inventory of active faults.

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Medieval pulse of great earthquakes in the central Himalaya: Viewing past activities on the frontal thrust

Abstract: The Himalaya has experienced three great earthquakes during the last century-1934 Nepal-Bihar,

Cited by 90 publications

References 44 publications

Overestimation of the earthquake hazard along the Himalaya: constraints in bracketing of medieval earthquakes from paleoseismic studies

Overestimation of the earthquake hazard along the Himalaya: constraints in bracketing of medieval earthquakes from paleoseismic studies

Investigation of Coulomb stress changes in south Tibet (central Himalayas) due to the 25th April 2015 M W 7.8 Nepal earthquake using a Coulomb stress transfer model

Paleoseismology: 2010-2016

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