Medullary reticulospinal tract mediating a generalized motor inhibition in cats: iii. functional organization of spinal interneurons in the lower lumbar segments

Takakusaki, Kaoru; Kohyama, Jun; Matsuyama, Kiyoji

doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(03)00542-6

Cited by 56 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Glycine and GABA release in the ventral horn may come from either spinal interneurons, which contain glycine and GABA (Todd and Sullivan 1990) and are activated by medullary stimulation (Takakusaki et al 2003), or from reticulospinal glycinergic and GABAergic neurons. Glycinergic and GABAergic neurons in the NGC and NMC have been shown to project to the spinal cord (Holstege 1991;Holstege and Bongers 1991;Jones et al 1991;Reichling and Basbaum 1990).…”

Section: Transmitter Release Into the Ventral Horn During Medullary Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral Response and Transmitter Release During Atonia Elicited by Medial Medullary Stimulation

Lai

Kodama

Schenkel

et al. 2010

Journal of Neurophysiology

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response and transmitter release during atonia elicited by medial medullary stimulation. J Neurophysiol 104: 2024 -2033, 2010. First published July 28, 2010 doi:10.1152/jn.00528.2010. Activation of the medial medulla is responsible for rapid eye movement (REM) sleep atonia and cataplexy. Dysfunction can cause REM sleep behavior disorder and other motor pathologies. Here we report the behavioral effects of stimulation of the nucleus gigantocellularis (NGC) and nucleus magnocellularis (NMC) in unrestrained cats. In waking, 62% of the medial medullary stimulation sites suppressed muscle tone. In contrast, stimulation at all sites, including sites where stimulation produced no change or increased muscle tone in waking, produced decreased muscle tone during slow-wave sleep. In the decerebrate cat electrical stimulation of the NGC increased glycine and decreased norepinephrine (NE) release in the lumbar ventral horn, with no change in ␥-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or serotonin (5-HT) release. Stimulation of the NMC increased both glycine and GABA release and also decreased both NE and 5-HT release in the ventral horn. Glutamate levels in the ventral horn were not changed by either NGC or NMC stimulation. We conclude that NGC and NMC play neurochemically distinct but synergistic roles in the modulation of motor activity across the sleep-wake cycle via a combination of increased release of glycine and GABA and decreased release of 5-HT and NE. Stimulation of the medial medulla that elicited muscle tone suppression also triggered rapid eye movements, but never produced the phasic twitches that characterize REM sleep, indicating that the twitching and rapid eye movement generators of REM sleep have separate brain stem substrates.

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Section: Transmitter Release Into the Ventral Horn During Medullary Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral Response and Transmitter Release During Atonia Elicited by Medial Medullary Stimulation

Lai

Kodama

Schenkel

et al. 2010

Journal of Neurophysiology

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“…They descend throughout the full length of the spinal neuraxis and terminate mainly in laminae VIII and VII of the ventral horn (Holstege and Kuypers, 1982;Matsuyama et al, 1988Matsuyama et al, , 1997Matsuyama et al, , 1999aMitani et al, 1988). Many laminae VIII-VII interneurons and ascending tract neurons are excited monosynaptically by reticulospinal axons (Skinner and Remmel, 1978;Davies and Edgley, 1994;Takakusaki et al, 2003). They are also rhythmically active during locomotion (for review see Orlovsky et al, 1999).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lumbar commissural interneurons with reticulospinal inputs in the cat: Morphology and discharge patterns during fictive locomotion

Matsuyama

Nakajima

Mori

et al. 2004

J of Comparative Neurology

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The purpose of this study was 1). to characterize the morphology of lumbar commissural neurons (CNs) with reticulospinal inputs and 2). to quantitate their activity during locomotor rhythm generation. Intraaxonal recordings at the L4-7 level of the spinal cord were obtained in 67 neurons in the decerebrate, paralyzed cat. Fourteen of them were subsequently nearly fully visualized following their intraaxonal injection with the tracer neurobiotin. All 14 were CNs with axons projecting across the midline of the spinal cord. Their somata were located mainly in lamina VIII and additionally in laminae VII-VI. Most of the lamina VIII CNs were excited monosynaptically from reticulospinal pathways. They were judged to be interneuronal CNs if they had no, or a short, rostral projection. These CNs commonly gave off multiple axon collaterals in and around their somata's segmental level. They projected mainly to laminae VIII-VII and some additionally to lamina IX. Some laminae VIII and the laminae VII-VI CNs were excited polysynaptically from reticulospinal pathways or were not excited. They were judged to be long propriospinal or ascending tract CNs because they had only an ascending axon. Most lamina VIII CNs discharged rhythmically during fictive locomotion evoked by stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region, exhibiting one peak per locomotor cycle. The peak was in phase with neurographic activity of either a left or a right hindlimb extensor nerve. These results suggested that lamina VIII CNs are reciprocally connected bilaterally at each segmental level. Such an arrangement suggests their participation in the generation and coordination of reciprocal and bilateral locomotor activity.

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“…One is muscle tone inhibitory region in the PPN (Figs.2 and 3A). Cholinergic neurons in the PPN may activate "muscle tone inhibitory system", which is composed of cholinoceptive pontine reticular formation (PRF) neurons (Takakusaki et al, 2003a), reticulospinal neurons arising from the dorsomedial MRF corresponding to the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis, and spinal inhibitory interneurons in the lamina VII of Rexed (Takakusaki et al, 1994(Takakusaki et al, , 2003b. This system then inhibits α-and γ-motoneurons innervating extensor and flexor muscles in parallel to interneurons mediating reflex pathways (Takakusaki et al, 2001 Fig.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Integrating Posture and Locomotion By Subcortimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A and B are modified Takakusaki et al, 2008. (c) and (d) in C are modified Mori et al 1989. suppress postural muscle tone and locomotor rhythm (Takakusaki et al, 2003b). This inhibitory system is also thought to induce muscular atonia during the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (Chase & Morales 1990;Takakusaki et al, 1993).…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Integrating Posture and Locomotion By Subcortimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various combinations of spinal reflexes operate during locomotion. Those mediating flexion reflex and crossed extension reflex undertake major roles in the generation of locomotor rhythm (Rossignol 1996;Rossignol et al, 2006;Takakusaki et al, 2001Takakusaki et al, , 2003bMcCrea & Rybak, 2008). Spinal interneurons that constitute CPG generate detailed locomotor rhythm.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Integrating Posture and Locomotion By Subcortimentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Possible Contribution of the Basal Ganglia Brainstem System to the Pathogenesis of Parkinson’s Disease

Takakusaki¹,

Obara²,

Okumura³

2011

Etiology and Pathophysiology of Parkinson's Disease

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Medullary reticulospinal tract mediating a generalized motor inhibition in cats: iii. functional organization of spinal interneurons in the lower lumbar segments

Cited by 56 publications

References 71 publications

Behavioral Response and Transmitter Release During Atonia Elicited by Medial Medullary Stimulation

Behavioral Response and Transmitter Release During Atonia Elicited by Medial Medullary Stimulation

Lumbar commissural interneurons with reticulospinal inputs in the cat: Morphology and discharge patterns during fictive locomotion

Possible Contribution of the Basal Ganglia Brainstem System to the Pathogenesis of Parkinson’s Disease

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