Medullary swallowing-related neurons in the anesthetized cat

Umezaki, Toshiro; Matsuse, Toshiaki; Shin, Takemoto

doi:10.1097/00001756-199806010-00022

Cited by 73 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…These findings indicate that, although some portion of respiratory neurons might contribute to the swallow-related laryngeal movements, the role of most respiratory neurons in swallowing is minor. It is suggested that the additional swallowing-network neurons are recruited to produce the swallow-related movements of the larynx (Umezaki et al, 1998b;Jean, 2001). Our data cannot exclude the possibility that extra premotor neurons other than the members of the respiratory network are recruited to inhibit ELMs during the expulsive phase of coughing and sneezing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…Poliaček et al (2005) argued that neurons of the medullary lateral tegmental field, the raphe nuclei, and the pontine respiratory group are essential for the configuration of the central cough motor pattern of the larynx on the basis of the experimental results of kainic acid injection into the brainstem. Furthermore, some investigators have argued that nonrespiratory neurons in the reticular formation between the nucleus ambiguus and the nucleus of the solitary tract are also involved in the CPGs of coughing (Gestreau et al, 1997), sneezing (Wallois et al, 1997), and swallowing (Umezaki et al, 1998b(Umezaki et al, , 2005Jean, 2001). It is thus suspected that the laryngeal movements during nonrespiratory behaviors such as coughing, sneezing, and swallowing are generated not only by premotor neurons in the respiratory neuronal network, but also by nonrespiratory premotor neurons.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Multifunctional Laryngeal Premotor Neurons: Their Activities during Breathing, Coughing, Sneezing, and Swallowing

Shiba¹,

Nakazawa²,

Ono³

et al. 2007

J. Neurosci.

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To examine whether motor commands of two or more distinct laryngeal motor patterns converge onto a common premotor network, we conducted dual recordings from the laryngeal adductor motoneuron and its premotor neuron within the brainstem respiratory circuitry during fictive breathing, coughing, sneezing, and swallowing in decerebrate paralyzed cats. Expiratory neurons with an augmenting firing pattern (EAUG), whose action potentials evoked monosynaptic IPSPs in the adductor motoneurons, sharply fired during the expulsive phases of fictive coughing and sneezing, during which the adductor motoneurons transiently repolarized. In contrast, these premotor neurons were silent during the swallow-related hyperpolarization in adductor motoneurons. These results show that one class of medullary respiratory neuron, EAUG, is multifunctional and shared among the central pattern generators (CPGs) for breathing, coughing, and sneezing. In addition, although the CPGs underlying these three behaviors and the swallowing CPG do overlap, EAUG neurons are not part of the swallowing CPG and, in contrast to the other three behaviors, are not a source of inhibitory input to adductor motoneurons during swallowing.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifunctional Laryngeal Premotor Neurons: Their Activities during Breathing, Coughing, Sneezing, and Swallowing

Shiba¹,

Nakazawa²,

Ono³

et al. 2007

J. Neurosci.

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“…These provide sensory information from the oropharyngeal receptors to the higher nervous centers and are not part of the swallowing CPG network (27). Microelectrode recordings performed on sheep, rat, dog, cat, and monkey place the NTS in the dorsal swallowing group as part of the brainstem swallowing neurons (1,7,9,15,28,31,35,38,46,60). In humans, the cervical esophagus is composed of striated muscles that are innervated by the lower motor neurons.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differentiation of cerebral representation of occlusion and swallowing with fMRI

Mihai

Halbach

Lotze

2013

American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physi

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Mihai PG, von Bohlen und Halbach O, Lotze M. Differentiation of cerebral representation of occlusion and swallowing with fMRI. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 304: G847-G854, 2013. First published March 14, 2013 doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00456.2012.-Early work on representational specificity and recent findings on temporomandibular joint (TMJ) movement representation raise doubts that a specific swallow representation does exist. Additionally, during cortical stimulation TMJ movements and swallowing show a high overlap of representational areas in the primary motor cortex. It has thus been hypothesized that they overall might share the same neural structures. To differentiate these two movements, we performed a functional MRI (fMRI) study that enabled a direct comparison of functional representation of both actions in the same subject group. Effort during these tasks was controlled by skin conductance response. When balancing effort, we found a comparable neural representation pattern for both tasks but increased resources necessary to perform swallowing in direct comparison between tasks. For the first time, with the usage of fMRI, we demonstrated a representation in the brainstem for swallowing and occlusion. Increased activation for swallowing was observed in bilateral sensorimotor cortex, bilateral premotor and supplementary motor cortex, motor cingulate, thalamus, cerebellar hemispheres, left pallidum, bilateral pons, and midbrain. Peaks of activation in primary motor cortex between both conditions were about 5 mm adjacent. Brainstem activation was found corresponding to the sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, the solitary nucleus for swallowing, and the trigeminal nucleus for occlusion. Our data suggest that cerebral representation of occlusion and swallowing are spatially widely overlapping, differing predominantly with respect to the quantity of neural resources involved. Both brainstem and primary motor representation differ in location with respect to somatotopy and contribution of cranial nerve nuclei.

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“…During the esophageal phase of swallowing, activation of premotor neurons associated with the proximal esophagus inhibits premotor neurons associated with the distal esophagus [56]. This inhibitory response is followed by excitation [56,93]. Thus, the polarization of the inhibitory drive of premotor neurons from more proximal structures onto premotor neurons of more distal structures guarantees not only that the more proximal structures are connected to the more distal structures, but that this activation progresses only in one direction.…”

Section: Within-phase Coordinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This coordination involves both excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms. In anesthetized sheep, activation of the pharyngoesophageal swallow by SLN stimulation activates pharyngeal premotor neurons simultaneous with inhibition of esophageal premotor neurons [56], and pharyngeal distension [93] inhibits esophageal premotor neurons. This inhibition is also manifested as hyperpolarization of esophageal motor neurons of the NA.…”

Section: Between-phase Coordinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain Stem Control of the Phases of Swallowing

2009

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The phases of swallowing are controlled by central pattern-generating circuitry of the brain stem and peripheral reflexes. The oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal phases of swallowing are independent of each other. Although central pattern generators of the brain stem control the timing of these phases, the peripheral manifestation of these phases depends on sensory feedback through reflexes of the pharynx and esophagus. The dependence of the esophageal phase of swallowing on peripheral feedback explains its absence during failed swallows. Reflexes that initiate the pharyngeal phase of swallowing also inhibit the esophageal phase which ensures the appropriate timing of its occurrence to provide efficient bolus transport and which prevents the occurrence of multiple esophageal peristaltic events. These inhibitory reflexes are probably partly responsible for deglutitive inhibition. Three separate sets of brain stem nuclei mediate the oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal phases of swallowing. The trigeminal nucleus and reticular formation probably contain the oral phase pattern-generating neural circuitry. The nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) probably contains the second-order sensory neurons as well as the pattern-generating circuitry of both the pharyngeal and esophageal phases of swallowing, whereas the nucleus ambiguus and dorsal motor nucleus contain the motor neurons of the pharyngeal and esophageal phases of swallowing. The ventromedial nucleus of the NTS may govern the coupling of the pharyngeal phase to the esophageal phase of swallowing.

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Medullary swallowing-related neurons in the anesthetized cat

Cited by 73 publications

References 13 publications

Multifunctional Laryngeal Premotor Neurons: Their Activities during Breathing, Coughing, Sneezing, and Swallowing

Multifunctional Laryngeal Premotor Neurons: Their Activities during Breathing, Coughing, Sneezing, and Swallowing

Differentiation of cerebral representation of occlusion and swallowing with fMRI

Brain Stem Control of the Phases of Swallowing

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