Meeting The Common Needs of a More Effective and Efficient Testing and Assessment Paradigm for Chemical Risk Management

Abstract

Significant advances have been made in human health and ecological risk assessment over the last decade. Substantial challenges, however, remain in providing credible scientific information in a timely and efficient manner to support chemical risk assessment and management decisions. A major challenge confronting risk managers is the need for critical information to address risk uncertainties in large chemical inventories such as high- and medium-production-volume industrial chemicals or pesticide inert ingredients. From a strategic and tactical viewpoint, an integrated approach that relies on all existing knowledge and uses a range of methods, including those from emerging and novel technologies, is needed to advance progressive and focused testing strategies, as well as to advance the utility and predictability of the risk assessment by providing more relevant information. A hypothesis-based approach that draws on all relevant information is consistent with the vision articulated in the 2007 report by the National Research Council, Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy. This article describes the current practices in evaluating chemical risks and ongoing efforts to enhance the quality and efficiency of risk assessment and risk management decisions within the Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

New Directions in Toxicity Testing

“…This special issue contains reprints of both the 2007 NRC report and the 2009 EPA strategic plan, as well as 14 additional papers discussing specific aspects of the vision in some detail (3,11,25,35,44,47,51,59,81,83,85,87,89,107). Since the publication of the NRC vision for the future of toxicity testing, considerable progress has been made, not only on developing the scientific foundations on which the vision rests, but also on understanding its implications for regulatory risk assessment (21,59).…”

The Relationship Between Strategic Thinking and Hospital Managers’ Productivity in Teaching Hospitals of Shiraz

“…Organizations are obligated to adapt to these evolutions (2)(3)(4)(5). An organization that is not in line with changes is at risk of failing (6).…”

An economic approach to non-animal toxicity testing for skin sensitisation

“…The MoA concept was first applied to assessing potential carcinogens (EPA, 2005) and later it was extended to analysing non-cancer toxic effects (Boobis et al, 2008). It has been suggested as a guiding tool to evaluate existing information and to integrate information from in-silico, in chemico, and in-vitro methods (Lilienblum et al, 2008;Dellarco et al, 2010;Dellarco and Fenner-Crisp, 2012;Simon et al, 2014) into DA frameworks. The MoA approach combines information from testing methods depending on the biological relevance of key events addressed by non-animal testing methods, which are assumed to lead to toxic effects on organs responses (Vonk et al, 2009).…”

“…AOP). Ankley et al, 2010;Dellarco et al, 2010;Basketter et al, 2013;Landesmann et al, 2013;Vinken, 2013;Rovida et al, 2015;OECD, 2016b According to the criteria presented in Table 2.2, information revealed from testing should be reliable, accurate, precise and fit-for-purpose. Uncertainties should be transparently addressed and documented.…”

“…in vitro, in silico, in chemico; use of in vivo only if necessary). Hoffmann et al, 2008;Dellarco et al, 2010;De Wever et al, 2012 Use of scientifically valid (accurate, reliable) and adequate information. Hoffmann and Hartung, 2006;Ahlers et al, 2008;Schaafsma et al, 2009;Krewski et al, 2010;Schoeters, 2010;De Wever et al, 2012 Evaluation of the performance (e.g.…”