MEG Tomography of Human Cortex and Brainstem Activity in Waking and REM Sleep Saccades

Ioannides, Andreas A.; Corsi-Cabrera, María; Fenwick, Peter; Portilla, Yolanda del Rio; Laskaris, Nikolaos A.; Khurshudyan, Ara; Theofilou, Dionyssios; Shibata, Tadahiko; Uchida, Sunao; Nakabayashi, Tetsuo; Kostopoulos, George

doi:10.1093/cercor/bhg091

Cited by 124 publications

(126 citation statements)

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“…Therefore, it is plausible that the onset time of the BOLD response actually precedes REM onset. However, considering the hemodynamic delay between neural activity and the onset of the corresponding BOLD response (typically 1-2 s) and the recent MEG/EEG studies that reported neural activities immediately before REMs in the several brain areas including the anterior cingulate cortex, parahippocampal gyrus, amygdala and so on (Ioannides et al 2004;Abe et al 2008), we cannot fully eliminate the possibility that neural activities not only in the PGO areas but also in other activated areas start just before REM onset. Even in that case, there were signiWcantly large diVerences in the onset time between the PGO areas and other cortical/subcortical areas.…”

Section: Activation Accompanying Remmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…A number of imaging and psychophysiological studies have addressed this issue using a variety of investigative approaches in humans. Electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) studies have found REM-related neural activity in the visual cortex where no such activity was seen after waking saccades in total darkness (Miyauchi et al 1990;Ioannides et al 2004;Ogawa et al 2005). However, the exact location of this activity is still unclear, partly because the inverse problem of estimating the current sources on the basis of EEG/MEG data alone is fundamentally ill-posed, and partly because the deep structural resolution of EEG/MEG is variable (Baillet et al 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is thought that PGO waves are related to several important brain functions such as sensorimotor integration, dreaming, learning, development of the visual system and so on (Callaway et al 1987;Marks et al 1995;Datta 2000). Although the existence of PGO waves in humans has been suggested by several studies based on direct depth recordings (Salzarulo et al 1975;Lim et al 2007), MEG (Ioannides et al 2004), PET (Peigneux et al 2001), and fMRI (Wehrle et al 2005), there is a need for higher spatial and temporal resolution measurements to elucidate the cortical-subcortical functional neuroanatomy of PGO waves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human brain activity time-locked to rapid eye movements during REM sleep

et al. 2008

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To identify the neural substrate of rapid eye movements (REMs) during REM sleep in humans, we conducted simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and polysomnographic recording during REM sleep. Event-related fMRI analysis time-locked to the occurrence of REMs revealed that the pontine tegmentum, ventroposterior thalamus, primary visual cortex, putamen and limbic areas (the anterior cingulate, parahippocampal gyrus and amygdala) were activated in association with REMs. A control experiment during which subjects made self-paced saccades in total darkness showed no activation in the visual cortex. The REM-related activation of the primary visual cortex without visual input from the retina provides neural evidence for the existence of human pontogeniculo-occipital waves (PGO waves) and a link between REMs and dreaming. Furthermore, the time-course analysis of blood oxygenation level-dependent responses indicated that the activation of the pontine tegmentum, ventroposterior thalamus and primary visual cortex started before the occurrence of REMs. On the other hand, the activation of the putamen and limbic areas accompanied REMs. The activation of the parahippocampal gyrus and amygdala simultaneously with REMs suggests that REMs and/or their generating mechanism are not merely an epiphenomenon of PGO waves, but may be linked to the triggering activation of these areas.

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Section: Activation Accompanying Remmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human brain activity time-locked to rapid eye movements during REM sleep

et al. 2008

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“…Human neuroimaging studies reveal that rapid eye movements (REMs) during REM sleep are closely associated with transient activity in limbic regions such as the amygdala and parahippocampal gyrus (Abe, Ogawa, Nittono, & Hori, 2004;Ioannides et al, 2004).…”

Section: The Role Of Rem Sleep and Amygdala Function In Emotional Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

The ‘affect tagging and consolidation’ (ATaC) model of depression vulnerability

Harrington

Pennington

Durrant

2017

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

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Please cite this article as: Harrington, M.O., Pennington, K., Durrant, S.J., The 'Affect Tagging and Consolidation' (ATaC) Model of Depression Vulnerability, Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (2017), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10. 1016/j.nlm.2017.02.003 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. patients, suggesting that they may be vulnerability markers of major depressive disorder (MDD), rather than mere epiphenomena of the disorder. Neuroimaging studies have revealed that depression is also associated with heightened amygdala reactivity to negative emotional stimuli, which may also be a vulnerability marker for MDD. Several models have been developed to explain the respective roles of REM sleep alterations and negatively-biased amygdala activity in the pathology of MDD, however the possible interaction between these two potential risk-factors remains uncharted. This paper reviews the roles of the amygdala and REM sleep in the encoding and consolidation of negative emotional memories, respectively. We present our 'affect tagging and consolidation' (ATaC) model, which argues that increased REM sleep density and negatively-biased amygdala activity are two separate, genetically influenced risk-factors for depression which interact to promote the development of negative memory bias -a well-known cognitive vulnerability marker for depression.Predictions of the ATaC model may motivate research aimed at improving our understanding of sleep dependent memory consolidation in depression aetiology.

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“…Typically, bursts of pontine waves are associated with REMS. Several observations suggest that PGO waves also occur during human sleep [123][124][125][126][127][128]. In rats, the density of pontine waves during post-training REMS is proportional to the gain in performance to an avoidance task [129].…”

Section: Rems and Pontine Wavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of sleep to memory consolidation

Bourdiec¹,

Muto²,

Mascetti³

et al. 2009

Future Neurol.

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A growing body of evidence indicates that sleep promotes memory consolidation; the protracted process by which fresh, labile memories are reorganized into stable memories [1]. Although the first evidence for this effect was collected more than a century ago [2], the potential underlying neural mechanisms are only just beginning to be conceptualized and characterized experimentally.Memory consolidation is a hackneyed expression that may take different meanings. At the cellular level, consolidation is often framed in terms of long-term experience-dependent changes in neural responsiveness, usually resulting from modifications in synaptic strength (Figure 1) [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. At the systems level, consolidation relates to the progressive reorganization of memories within brain circuits [20][21]. From a behavioral perspective, consolidation refers to an improvement of performance between practice sessions or a reduction of vulnerability of a memory trace after the acquisition of a novel skill [22][23], although other phenomena such as automatization [24][25] or generalization [26] might also be considered as behavioral markers of memory consolidation (Figure 1).It is therefore not surprising that the effects of sleep on memory consolidation were reported at various levels of description. The early studies assessed the effects of sleep on different memory systems at the behavioral level. They contrasted the influence of non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) with rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) on declarative and procedural memories, respectively. As the understanding of the effects of sleep on memory consolidation progressed, the hypotheses were increasingly framed in terms of the neural processes occurring during NREMS or REMS, and specifically, those associated with phasic events such as slow waves, spindles or phasic REMS. This paper is organized into five sections. The first section summarizes the key findings of behavioral studies that suggest an effect of sleep on memory. Earlier reviews have already covered these results in detail [27][28][29][30][31]. The present article highlights recent data that call for a reappraisal of these effects that, although indisputable, seem quantitatively modest. The article also emphasizes the higher sensitivity of neuroimaging and neurophysiological measures in characterizing the effects of sleep on memory. The following sections review the two main hypotheses that are currently being tested, namely the homeostatic synaptic downscaling and the sleep-dependent systems-level consolidation. The final two sections emphasize the intervention of post-training REMs and wakefulness in memory processing. Behavioral effectsThe recognition of different memory systems helped to characterize the effects of sleep on memory consolidation (Figure 2). On the procedural side, spontaneous gains in performance in a motor sequence learning task were observed between initial training and later testing, specifically if the interval included sleep rather ...

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MEG Tomography of Human Cortex and Brainstem Activity in Waking and REM Sleep Saccades

Cited by 124 publications

References 50 publications

Human brain activity time-locked to rapid eye movements during REM sleep

Human brain activity time-locked to rapid eye movements during REM sleep

The ‘affect tagging and consolidation’ (ATaC) model of depression vulnerability

Contribution of sleep to memory consolidation

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