Melamine Detection in Infant Formula Powder Using Near- and Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy

Abstract

Near- and mid-infrared spectroscopy methods (NIR, FTIR-ATR, FTIR-DRIFT) were evaluated for the detection and quantification of melamine in infant formula powder. Partial least-squares (PLS) models were established for correlating spectral data to melamine concentration: R(2) > 0.99, RMSECV ≤ 0.9, and RPD ≥ 12. Factorization analysis of spectra was able to differentiate unadulterated infant formula powder from samples containing 1 ppm melamine with no misclassifications, a confidence level of 99.99%, and selectivity > 2. These nondestructive methods require little or no sample preparation. The NIR method has an assay time of 1 min, and a 2 min total time to detection. The FTIR methods require up to 5 min for melamine detection. Therefore, NIR and FTIR methods enable rapid detection of 1 ppm melamine in infant formula powder.

Rapid screening and visual tracing of melamine in soybean meal by NIR microscopy imaging

“…23 Vibrational spectroscopy, such as Raman spectrometry, near-or mid-infrared spectroscopy, was a good way to detect melamine because of their advantages compared to other methods. 24,25 Comparing with these techniques, NIRM imaging have advantages to detect the adulterant. First, NIRM imaging can provide the spectral information of sample at a micro-scale level, so it is easy to exactly¯nd the target spectral characteristic.…”

Rapid detection of melamine in whole milk mediated by unmodified gold nanoparticles

“…5 Detection times have ranged from several seconds to several hours, while the sensitivity cutoff has been shown to vary from 6 parts per billion ͑ppb͒ to several hundreds of parts per million ͑ppm͒. 6 However, these strategies are either time-consuming due to exhaustive separation procedures, and/or rely heavily on expensive instrumentation.…”

The use of the Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy to determine adulterants in raw milk

“…Chen et al (2008), using infrared methodology associated with the discriminant analysis, developed the calibration that is able to differentiate milk adulterated with reconstituted milk at concentration from 0.55% adulterant. Similarly, Mauer et al (2009) verified that melamine, a plastic polymer used in the coating of UHT milk packages, can be identified at concentration from 1 ppm in infant dairy products by infrared methodology. When raw milk is considered, there are few studies available.…”