Melanin biosynthesis by a fish pathogen, Aeromomas salmonicida

Shieh, H. S.; MacLean, Janet

doi:10.1016/0020-711x(74)90028-7

Cited by 6 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Cysteine and other thiol-containing, copperbinding compounds have long been known to affect the enzymatic formation of melanin in other systems (1,21,22). It has frequently been assumed that the primary role of such thiolcontaining compounds is to interfere with melanin formation by binding the copper ions that are required for activity of the tyrosinase enzymes that produce melanin (19,23,27).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Production of melanin in defined liquid medium containing -cysteine. Analysis of melanin production after sequential cultivation of bacteria in two defined media was based on the methods reported by Shieh and MacLean (21). V. cholerae strains 569B and HV113 were grown in 100-ml volumes of Ml medium at 370C with shaking until stationary phase (about 1010 colony-forming units per ml).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Factors affecting phaeomelanin production by a melanin-producing (mel) mutant of Vibrio cholerae

Ivins¹,

Holmes²

1981

Infect Immun

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In a previous study we isolated melanin-producing (mel) mutants of Vibrio cholerae and demonstrated that production of melanin during growth on solid media was stimulated by L-tyrosine and L-cysteine. In the studies reported here we analyzed factors that affected melanin production in liquid media and determined the abilities of radioactively labeled amino acids to serve as precursors for the formation of melanin by V. cholerae. Radioactivity from L-cysteine and from L-tyrosine was preferentially incorporated into partially purified melanin, providing further evidence for production of phaeomelanin by V. cholerae. Cuprous ions stimulated production of melanin by V. cholerae in defined liquid medium, but melanin formation was inhibited by high concentrations of L-cysteine or thiouracil. The inhibition of melanin formation by sulfhydryl compounds is most likely due to their ability to bind copper ions that are essential for tyrosinase activity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors affecting phaeomelanin production by a melanin-producing (mel) mutant of Vibrio cholerae

Ivins¹,

Holmes²

1981

Infect Immun

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“…Since both assays are selective for aromatic cic-diols, a wide variety of catechols may be detected such as catechol, 2,3-DHBA and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (Barnum, 1977). A number of the possible intermediates of pigment biosynthesis, characteristic of the typical strains, such as 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine (6-hydroxy-dopa) (Shieh & Maclean, 1974;Donlon et al, 1983), are aromatic uic-diols. It is possible that the non-siderophore catechols detected in non-ironrestricted culture supernatant at lower concentrations than seen in iron-restricted culture supernatant are the intermediates of pigment biosynthesis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…salmonicida under conditions of iron-restriction. The compounds included 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine (6-hydroxy-dopa) -thought to be intermediates of pigment biosynthesis (Shieh & Maclean, 1974;Donlon et al, 1983), catechol (1,2-dihydroxy benzene) and 2,3-DHBA. None of these compounds were able to promote the growth of A .…”

Section: Cross +Ed Ingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Siderophore production by Aeromonas salmonicida

Hirst

Hastings

Ellis

1991

Journal of General Microbiology

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Growth under conditions of iron-restriction and the production of siderophores was examined in 21 typical and 14 atypical strains of Aeromonas salmonicida. With the exception of one atypical strain, all strains grew and multiplied in the presence of the high-affinity iron chelators ethylenediamine di(o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid), a, a'-dipyridyl or transferrin. Chrome azurol S agar was used to screen bacterial strains growing under these conditions for the production of siderophores. Siderophore production was detected only in the typical strains. Siderophores were also detected in the iron-restricted culture supernatants of typical strains, where they were associated with an iron-binding activity. The siderophore was extracted from iron-restricted culture supernatant of one strain by adsorption onto an XAD-7 resin; it behaved as a 2,3-diphenol-catechol in several colorimetric assays. The results indicate that although both typical and atypical strains of A. safmunicida grow and multiply under conditions of iron-restriction, they use different iron-uptake mechanisms, siderophore-mediated and siderophoreindependent, respectively. In cross-feeding assays, growth of typical strains was stimulated only by homologous iron-restricted supernatant, suggesting strain differences in the siderophore produced. However, one strain produced a culture supernatant with growth-stimulating activity for other typical and also atypical strains.

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“…2, the granular particles, with sizes ranging 175 to 400 nm, were located next to bacterial cell walls and were usually elongated. Granular particles related to melanins have been found in many species of bacteria, such as Aeromonas liquefaciens (3), A. salmonicida (29), Rhizobium phaseoli (6), and Azospirillum brasilense (27). These observations further suggest that the electron-dense particles found in pAG620-transformed cells (Fig.…”

Section: Influence Of Medium Composition On Pigment Productionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Polymer production by Klebsiella pneumoniae 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid hydroxylase genes cloned in Escherichia coli

Gibello

Ferrer

Sanz

et al. 1995

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The expression of Klebsiella pneumoniae hpaA and hpaH genes, which code for 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid hydroxylase in Escherichia coli K-12 derivative strains, is associated with the production of a dark brown pigment in the cultures. This pigment has been identified as a polymer which shows several of the characteristics reported for microbial melanins and results from the oxidative activity of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid hydroxylase on some dihydroxylated compounds to form o-quinones. A dibenzoquinone is formed from the oxidation of different mono-or dihydroxylated aromatic compounds by the enzyme prior to polymerization. We report a hydroxylase activity, other than tyrosinase, that is associated with the synthesis of a bacterial melanin. Many species of bacteria and fungi have been reported to produce dark brown pigments (5, 23, 27). Among them, the production of melanin has been reported only in Vibrio sp. (18, 24) and actinomycetes (35). Melanin is an irregular polymer composed of indoles, benzthiazoles, and amino acids, and its synthesis is dependent upon tyrosinase, a copper-containing enzyme which catalyzes the ortho-hydroxylation of monophenols and aromatic amines to o-quinones (26). All subsequent steps in melanin biosynthesis (oxidation and polymerization) are nonenzymatic. We have recently cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli the hpaA and hpaH genes from Klebsiella pneumoniae (14). These genes encode a hydroxylase involved in the microbial catabolism of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (4-HPA) (1, 14, 21). When the K. pneumoniae hpaA and hpaH genes were expressed in E. coli strains unable to catabolize 4-HPA, a deep brown pigment appeared in the medium. The purified pigment showed characteristics similar to those of microbial melanins, and analysis of this pigment by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry identified it as a polymer composed of indole and benzene derivative compounds. This report describes the catalytic activity of 4-HPA hydroxylase from K. pneumoniae: the reaction mechanism implies hydroxylation of the substrate, if it is monohydroxylated, and its later oxidation to o-quinones. The broad substrate tolerance of this enzyme and the chemical reactivity of quinones indicate that a wide variety of compounds could be utilized as precursors for biosynthesis of differently composed polymers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bacterial strains, plasmids, and growth conditions. The bacterial strains and plasmids used in this study are listed in Table 1. pAG620 contains the hpaA and hpaH genes and a promoter-operator region on a 3.3-kb BamHI insert (14). Cells were grown on minimal medium (16) containing 5 mM 4-HPA and 20 mM glycerol as a carbon source. L-Tyrosine (L-Tyr) was used at a final concentration of 50 g/ml. Growth conditions were as described previously (1, 14, 21). Preparation of cell extracts and protein determination. Bacteria were harvested at the late logarithmic phase of growth and washed with 0.1 M sodiumpotassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5). Crude extracts were obtained as described previously (1...

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Melanin biosynthesis by a fish pathogen, Aeromomas salmonicida

Cited by 6 publications

References 18 publications

Factors affecting phaeomelanin production by a melanin-producing (mel) mutant of Vibrio cholerae

Factors affecting phaeomelanin production by a melanin-producing (mel) mutant of Vibrio cholerae

Siderophore production by Aeromonas salmonicida

Polymer production by Klebsiella pneumoniae 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid hydroxylase genes cloned in Escherichia coli

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