Melanin production and laccase mediated oxidative stress alleviation during fungal-fungal interaction among basidiomycete fungi

Abstract

Fungal-fungal interaction often leads to the change in metabolite profile of both the interacting fungus which may have potential implication in industry or agriculture. In the present study, we performed two sets of fungal-fungal interaction—Trametes coccinea (F3) with Leiotrametes lactinea (F9) and T. coccinea (F3) with T. versicolor (F1) to understand the changes in the metabolite profile during the interaction process and how this process impacts the hyphal/mycelial morphology of the participating fungi. The metabolites produced during interaction of T. coccinea (F3) with L. lactinea (F9) and T. coccinea (F3) with T. versicolor (F1) was analysed through liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectroscopy (LC-MS). Most of the metabolites secreted or produced during interaction are associated with defensive response. Further, visualization with scanning electron microscopy revealed that interaction between the tested fungi led to the changes in the hyphal morphology. The bipartite fungal interaction resulted in the production of a dark brown colour pigment—melanin as confirmed by the LC-MS, FTIR and NMR analysis. Moreover, the fungal–fungal interaction also led to increase in the production of laccase, a group of multicopper oxidases involved in detoxification of toxic compounds. Further, increased activity of superoxide dismutase, an enzyme that catalyzes the dismutation of the superoxide anion to hydrogen peroxide was also recorded during fungal–fungal interaction. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed upregulation of lcc1 (encoding a laccase enzyme) and few other stress related genes of T. versicolor during its hyphal interaction with T. coccinea, suggesting a direct correlation between laccase production and melanin production.

Fungi as a source of eumelanin: current understanding and prospects

“…Investigations into the mechanisms of this phenomenon by Dullah et al. ( 2021 ), focusing on fungal–fungal interactions between species within the genera Trametes and Leiotrametes found that melanin and extracellular laccase production were both upregulated at the interaction zones, confirming in vitro that these white rot fungi are capable of melanogenesis, and that laccase production appears to correlate with that of melanin. Although these studies focused on white rot fungi, it should be noted that brown rot fungi can also be capable of producing similar biochemical results, as detailed by Riley et al.…”

Acetylation of GhCaM7 enhances cotton resistance to Verticillium dahliae

“…GO term enrichment analysis of the180 DEGs showed that seven GO terms (GO:0016491, GO:0016705, GO:0016682, GO:0016679, GO:0004601, GO:0016684, and GO:0016209) related to the ROS signaling pathway were significantly enriched (Figure S4). Genes involved in the ROS process, such as LAC (Dullah et al., 2021), P450 (Veith & Moorthy, 2018), and peroxidase PER (Veith & Moorthy, 2018), were upregulated in CAM7 but downregulated in the cam7 compared with HM‐1 under V. dahliae stress (Figure S4), suggesting that the contribution of GhCaM7 towards V. dahliae resistance in cotton might.…”

Regulation of Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species Levels after the Development of Phallus rubrovolvatus Rot Disease Due to Trichoderma koningii Mycoparasitism

“…Furthermore, upon infestation, excess ROS accumulate in the host body, leading to the peroxidation and de-lipidation of membrane lipids and damaging cellular structure and function. Finally, increased membrane permeability and the massive extravasation of intracellular solute molecules block the physiological metabolism of the host [44,80].…”

“…As such, MDA content around and at the lesion site was, respectively, 18.41 and 90.66 times higher than that in the healthy areas of the basidiocarp, indicating the beginning of lipid oxidation around the rot and severe lipid oxidation at the rot site. PPO and PAL are important defense enzymes, while MnP and laccase play a defensive role in fungi [44]. As shown in Figure 8, PPO activity around and at the lesion site was, respectively, 36.35 and 51.03 times higher than that in the healthy areas of the basidiocarp.…”