The main objective of this work is to study the effect of chronic administration of cadmium (Cd) on the level of depression-like, anxiety-like, memory state and oxidative stress in male and female Wistar rats. For this purpose, this study was conducted with 24 rats for each gender. Four groups were constituted: (Group 1: Control): received saline solution NaCl (0.9%), (Group 2: Cd-0.25; Group 3: Cd-0.5; Group 4: Cd-1): received daily 0.25 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg of Cd respectively during 8 weeks. After treatment period, animals were tested in the open-field, elevated plus maze tests for anxiety-like behavior, and forced swimming test for depression-like behavior. The Y maze was used to evaluate the working memory and the Morris Water Maze, to evaluate space learning and spatial memory. The results revealed that in males, all doses of Cd provoke depression-like, while in females only the group treated with 1 mg/kg Cd shows elevated depression-like behavior. In regard to anxiety-like behavior, Cd induces an anxiogenic effect in both genders tests. In the Y-Maze test, both males and females expressed a low percentage of alternations, suggesting that working memory was affected by Cd at 1 mg/kg. In the Morris Water Maze test, the space learning and spatial memory were significantly impaired in the group Cd-1. Neurochemical analysis showed that levels of nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation in the hippocampus How to cite this paper: Lamtaiwere significantly increased after Cd treatments. Overall analysis of our data revealed that Cd caused significant alterations in the examined parameters that were sex-dependent and dose-dependent.
IntroductionCd is one of the most toxic elements that bio-accumulates in the environment [1], especially in industrial areas via atmospheric dispersion and ground contamination surrounding metal emitting industries [2]. Cd may find its way to the human population through food and beverage, drinking water, air, and cigarette smoking. Although its toxicity is well established, the interaction of this element within a biological system and its resulting potential for harm is less well established. Cd has a long biological half-life mainly due to its low rate of excretion from the body [3].At peripheral level, prolonged exposure to Cd will cause toxic effect due to its accumulation over time in a variety of tissues, including kidneys, liver, central nervous system (CNS), and peripheral neuronal systems [4]. At central level, the transport of Cd through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the first step in regulating the entries of the metal into the CNS. Also, Cd can be taken from the nasal mucosa or olfactory pathways into the CNS [5]. It is well known in the CNS that the heavy metals, including Cd, act as catalysts for biochemical reactions, regulators of gene expression, second messengers in signaling pathways and cofactors for many vital enzymes, such pathways implicated in regulating physiological, pathological and behavioral functions. Chronical exposure to Cd affects many nervous syste...