Melt functionalization of polypropylene with methyl esters of itaconic acid

Yazdani‐Pedram, Mehrdad; Vega, Héctor; Quijada, Raúl

doi:10.1016/s0032-3861(00)00816-8

Cited by 53 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…On the other hand, three different compatibilizers were used: one commercial polypropylene grafted with maleic anhydride from Aldrich (PP-g-MA) with 0.6 mol % content, and two polypropylenes grafted with either 0.7 mol % or 1.8 mol % of itaconic acid synthesized in our laboratory through a free radical melt reaction process, designated as PPgIA0.7 and PPgIA1.8, respectively. 24,25 A commercial heterophasic polypropylene (HPP) from Petroquímica Cuyo (Argentina) with a melt flow rate of 0.8 g/min, and a homopolymer polypropylene (PP) from Petroquim (Chile) with a melt flow rate of 26 g/min, were used as polymer matrices.…”

Section: Experimental Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polypropylene/clay nanocomposites: Effect of different clays and compatibilizers on their morphology

Palza

Vergara

Yazdani‐Pedram

et al. 2009

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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A set of organically modified clays (OLS) were mixed with different compatibilizers to alter their interactions with either homopolymer or heterophasic polypropylenes when they were melt-mixed, and the relation between the OLS/compatibilizer system and the composite morphology was studied. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that depending on the specific OLS/compatibilizer system, it is possible to obtain several morphologies in the composites. In particular, some samples prepared with compatibilizers based on itaconic acid and OLSs, which had the highest cation exchange capacity and were organically modified with a set of quaternary ammonium salts, presented longer clay interlayer distances than the original OLSs, whereas other composites showed a clay collapse associated with shorter interlayer distances. Moreover, some composites presented both kinds of morphologies together. By means of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis, it was possible to show that the OLSs were stable under the operating conditions, so the decrease in the interlayer distance found in some samples was not related to degradation processes. On the other hand, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) showed that collapsed clays were formed by tactoid and immiscible structures with poor dispersion in the polymer matrix. However, samples with intercalate state from XRD presented very well dispersed multilayer stacks about 10 nm thick. Finally, those samples with both collapsed and intercalate morphologies presented tactoid and immiscible structures together with well dispersed multilayer stacks in the corresponding HR-TEM images.

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Section: Experimental Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polypropylene/clay nanocomposites: Effect of different clays and compatibilizers on their morphology

Palza

Vergara

Yazdani‐Pedram

et al. 2009

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…The unreacted monomer, initiator and possible homopolymer that would eventually form during the grafting reaction were separated from the grafted polymer by exhaustive extraction of the sample with methanol in a Soxhlet for 24 h as previously described. [20] The extracted samples were dried under reduced pressure before their analysis. The weight percentages of grafting obtained, under different grafting conditions, are presented in Table 3.…”

Section: Functionalization Of Ppmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Details of the procedure used can be found elsewhere. [19][20][21] The intercalation of ODA in the silicate layers of the clays and the dispersion of its layers in the nanocomposites were evaluated by XRD using a Siemens D 5000 with Cu l ¼ 1.54 Å in the range 2y ¼ 1.6-12. The basal spacing of the clays was estimated from the (001) peak in the XRD by using the Bragg equation l ¼ 2d siny, where l is the wavelength.…”

Section: Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although acrylic acid has been used to modify PP, [18] other polar monomers such as itaconic acid (IA) and its derivatives have been recently studied by our group as potential monomers for modifying the PP. [19,20] IA is nonoil-based dicarboxylic acid monomer. It is obtained through large-scale fermentation of agricultural wastes such as molasses, a sub-product of sugar industry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of PP Grafted with Itaconic Acid as a New Compatibilizer for PP/Clay Nanocomposites

Moncada

Quijada

Lieberwirth

et al. 2006

Macro Chemistry & Physics

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Summary: Functionalized PP samples with different percentages of grafted IA, i.e., 0.7, 1 or 1.8 wt.-%, with similar molecular weights were used as compatibilizers in PP/clay nanocomposites. PP nanocomposites containing 1 wt.-% of organically modified clays, i.e., montmorillonite, natural hectorite and synthetic hectorite and 3 wt.-% of grafted PP with three different percentages of grafted IA as compatibilizers and two commercial PP samples of different molecular weights were prepared by melt blending. The nanocomposites were characterized by XRD, TEM and tensile mechanical measurements. It was found that the molecular weight of PP used as matrix as well as the percentage of grafted IA of the compatibilizer affected the degree of intercalation/exfoliation of the clay and consequently the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites. Values of 2 137 MPa for the modulus and 51 MPa for the tensile strength were obtained when natural hectorite was used and 2 117 and 40 MPa were obtained when montmorillonite was used. A comparative study was carried out, where PP grafted with maleic anhydride was used as the compatibilizer. Inferior mechanical properties were obtained for nanocomposites prepared by using this compatibilizer, where values of 1 607 MPa for the tensile modulus and 43 MPa for tensile strength were obtained. This result indicated that IA-grafted PP was far more efficient as compatibilizer for the formation of nanocomposites than commercially available maleic anhydride-grafted PP.Model showing interaction of the organically modified clay with grafted PP used as compatibilizer.

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“…23 Calibration methods were applied to polymers to study some specific properties like: degree of crystallinity, 24 additive concentrations, 25 composition of processed polymer or blend, 19 moisture content, 26 status of reaction in a reactive extrusion, 27 presence of recycled polymers, 28 and quantification of heavy metals. 29 The presence of chemical groups in polymeric materials can be deduced using its vibrational spectra.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elastomer composite based on EPDM reinforced with polyaniline coated curauá fibers prepared by mechanical mixing

Araújo

Adamo

Rocha

et al. 2013

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Curau a fibers were used to reinforce elastomeric matrices with polyaniline (PAni) synthesized directly on the fiber surfaces to produce antistatic-reinforced composites. In this work, composites of poly(ethylene-co-propylene-co-diene) with curau a fibers coated with PAni were prepared by mechanical mixing in a counter-rotating twin rotor internal mixer. Then, mechanical and electrical properties of these composites were correlated to Raman and Fourier transformed infrared spectra (FTIR) using chemometric data analyze, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Raman spectra showed correlation with electrical properties of conductive composites while FTIR spectra showed good correlation with mechanical properties. EPDM reinforced with PAni coated curau a fibers presented higher tensile strength and modulus than EPDM reinforced with pristine curau a fibers, indicating that the reinforcement effect was obtained. Chemical interaction between the phases occurs with formation of hydrogen bonding between the aminic nitrogens of PAni and the carbonyl groups of lignin of the fibers.

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Melt functionalization of polypropylene with methyl esters of itaconic acid

Cited by 53 publications

References 41 publications

Polypropylene/clay nanocomposites: Effect of different clays and compatibilizers on their morphology

Polypropylene/clay nanocomposites: Effect of different clays and compatibilizers on their morphology

Use of PP Grafted with Itaconic Acid as a New Compatibilizer for PP/Clay Nanocomposites

Elastomer composite based on EPDM reinforced with polyaniline coated curauá fibers prepared by mechanical mixing

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