Melting Temperature Depression and Phase Transitions of Nitrate-Based Molten Salts in Nanoconfinement

Abstract

Hybrids of nitrate-based molten salts (KNO 3 , NaNO 3 , and Solar Salt) and anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) with various pore sizes (between 25 and 380 nm) were designed for concentrated solar power (CSP) plants to achieve low melting point (<200 °C) and high thermal conductivity (>1 W m –1 K –1 ). AAO pore surfaces were passivated with octadecyl phosphonic acid (ODPA), and the results were compared with as-anodized AAO. The change in phase transition temperatures and melting temperatures of salts was investigated as a function of pore diameter. Melting temperatures decreased for all salts inside AAO with different pore sizes while the highest melting temperature decrease (Δ T = 173 ± 2 °C) was observed for KNO 3 filled in AAO with a pore diameter of 380 nm. Another nanoconfinement effect was observed in the crystal phases of the salts. The ferroelectric phase of KNO 3 (γ-phase) formed at room temperature for KNO 3 /AAO hybrids with pore size larger than 35 nm. Thermal conductivity values of molten salt (MS)/AAO hybrids were obtained by thermal property analysis (TPS) at room temperature and above melting temperatures of the salts. The highest increase in thermal conductivity was observed as 73% for KNO 3 /AAO-35 nm. For NaNO 3 /AAO-380 nm hybrids, the thermal conductivity coefficient was 1.224 ± 0.019 at room temperature. To determine the capacity and efficiency of MS/AAO hybrids during the heat transfer process, the energy storage density per unit volume (J m –3 ) was calculated. The highest energy storage capacity was calculated as 2390 MJ m –3 for KNO 3 /AAO with a pore diameter of 400 nm. This value is approximately five times higher than that of bulk salt.

Recent advances in porous nanomaterials‐based drug delivery systems for osteoarthritis

“…The melting temperature depression for nanoconfined organic materials is a well-known phenomenon. [65][66][67] The relationship between the size of the crystal and the melting temperature can be described thermodynamically by the Gibbs−Thomson relation, [68] T m (r) = T m (∞) . where, T m (∞) is the bulk melting temperature of the payload, T m (r) is the melting temperature of crystals within the pores with a radius of r, γ is the surface tension between crystal and liquid phases, ΔH m is the bulk enthalpy of fusion and ρ c is the crystal density.…”