Members of the tomato <i>LeEIL</i> (<i>EIN3‐like</i>) gene family are functionally redundant and regulate ethylene responses throughout plant development

Tieman, Denise M.; Ciardi, Joseph A.; Taylor, Mark G.; Klee, Harry J.

doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.01006.x

Cited by 241 publications

(175 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Because EIN3 and its close homolog EIL1 functionally overlap (Chao et al, 1997;Tieman et al, 2001;Binder et al, 2007;An et al, 2010), we studied ein3 eil1 double mutants instead of ein3 single mutants, to preclude the functional redundancy and the possibly compromised phenotype of the single mutants (see below). Compared with the wild type, ein3 eil1 plants exhibited a delayed-senescence phenotype ( Figure 2A).…”

Section: Ein3 Transcript Levels and Ein3 Activity Increase During Leamentioning

confidence: 99%

ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE3 Is a Senescence-Associated Gene That Accelerates Age-Dependent Leaf Senescence by Directly Repressing miR164 Transcription in Arabidopsis

et al. 2013

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Numerous endogenous and environmental signals regulate the intricate and highly orchestrated process of plant senescence. Ethylene is a well-known inducer of senescence, including fruit ripening and flower and leaf senescence. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of ethylene-induced leaf senescence remains to be elucidated. Here, we examine ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3), a key transcription factor in ethylene signaling, and find that EIN3 is a functional senescence-associated gene. Constitutive overexpression or temporary activation of EIN3 is sufficient to accelerate leaf senescence symptoms. Conversely, loss of EIN3 and EIN3-Like1 (its close homolog) function leads to a delay in agedependent and ethylene-, jasmonic acid-, or dark-induced leaf senescence. We further found that EIN3 acts downstream of ORESARA2 (ORE2)/ORE3/EIN2 to repress miR164 transcription and upregulate the transcript levels of ORE1/NAC2, a target gene of miR164. EIN3 directly binds to the promoters of microRNA164 (miR164), and this binding activity progressively increases during leaf ageing. Genetic analysis revealed that overexpression of miR164 or knockout of ORE1/NAC2 represses EIN3-induced early-senescence phenotypes. Collectively, our study defines a continuation of the signaling pathway involving EIN2-EIN3-miR164-NAC2 in regulating leaf senescence and provides a mechanistic insight into how ethylene promotes the progression of leaf senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana.

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Section: Ein3 Transcript Levels and Ein3 Activity Increase During Leamentioning

confidence: 99%

ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE3 Is a Senescence-Associated Gene That Accelerates Age-Dependent Leaf Senescence by Directly Repressing miR164 Transcription in Arabidopsis

et al. 2013

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“…However, tomato contains four EIL proteins, which appear to act redundantly in ethylene signal transduction, and only downregulation of multiple genes results in a nonripening phenotype (Tieman et al, 2001). The expression of the other three known tomato EIL genes was detected, but not significantly altered, suggesting that the ethylene response is normal in FUL1/2 Differences between FUL1/2 RNAi fruits and the fruits of their wild-type siblings are represented as negative or positive fold ratios of the mean gas chromatography-mass spectrometry responses.…”

Section: Ful1/2 Act Downstream or Independent Of The Ethylene Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Tomato FRUITFULL Homologs TDR4/FUL1 and MBP7/FUL2 Regulate Ethylene-Independent Aspects of Fruit Ripening

Bemer

Karlova

Ballester³

et al. 2012

Plant Cell

297

276

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Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) contains two close homologs of the Arabidopsis thaliana MADS domain transcription factor FRUITFULL (FUL), FUL1 (previously called TDR4) and FUL2 (previously MBP7). Both proteins interact with the ripening regulator RIPENING INHIBITOR (RIN) and are expressed during fruit ripening. To elucidate their function in tomato, we characterized single and double FUL1 and FUL2 knockdown lines. Whereas the single lines only showed very mild alterations in fruit pigmentation, the double silenced lines exhibited an orange-ripe fruit phenotype due to highly reduced lycopene levels, suggesting that FUL1 and FUL2 have a redundant function in fruit ripening. More detailed analyses of the phenotype, transcriptome, and metabolome of the fruits silenced for both FUL1 and FUL2 suggest that the genes are involved in cell wall modification, the production of cuticle components and volatiles, and glutamic acid (Glu) accumulation. Glu is responsible for the characteristic umami taste of the present-day cultivated tomato fruit. In contrast with previously identified ripening regulators, FUL1 and FUL2 do not regulate ethylene biosynthesis but influence ripening in an ethylene-independent manner. Our data combined with those of others suggest that FUL1/2 and TOMATO AGAMOUS-LIKE1 regulate different subsets of the known RIN targets, probably in a protein complex with the latter.

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“…Tomato In tomato, four EIN3-like (EIL) genes (LeEIL1-LeEIL4) have been isolated (Tieman et al 2001;Yokotani et al 2003). Reduced expression of tomato LeEIL genes by antisense technology modulates ethylene responses, including leaf epinasty, flower senescence and fruit ripening (Tieman et al 2001).…”

Section: Recent Understanding On Ripening Behaviour Of Fruitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reduced expression of tomato LeEIL genes by antisense technology modulates ethylene responses, including leaf epinasty, flower senescence and fruit ripening (Tieman et al 2001). Ito et al (2008) demonstrated that the ripening inhibitor (RIN protein) exhibits transactivator activity because it binds to the promoter region of LeACS2.…”

Section: Recent Understanding On Ripening Behaviour Of Fruitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The fading distinctions between classical patterns of ripening in climacteric and non-climacteric fruit and the ubiquity of ethylene—An overview

2011

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The process of fruit ripening is normally viewed distinctly in climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. But, many fruits such as guava, melon, Japanese plum, Asian pear and pepper show climacteric as well as non-climacteric behaviour depending on the cultivar or genotype. Investigations on in planta levels of CO 2 and ethylene at various stages of fruits during ripening supported the role and involvement of changes in the rate of respiration and ethylene production in non-climacteric fruits such as strawberry, grapes and citrus. Non-climacteric fruits are also reported to respond to the exogenous application of ethylene. Comparative analysis of plant-attached and plant-detached fruits did not show similarity in their ripening behaviour. This disparity is being explained in view of 1. Hypothetical ripening inhibitor, 2. Differences in the production, release and endogenous levels of ethylene, 3. Sensitivity of fruits towards ethylene and 4. Variations in the gaseous microenvironment among fruits and their varieties. Detailed studies on genetic and inheritance patterns along with the application of '-omics' research indicated that ethylene-dependent and ethylene-independent pathways coexist in both climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. Auxin levels also interact with ethylene in regulating ripening. These findings therefore reveal that the classification of fruits based on climacteric rise and/or ethylene production status is not very distinct or perfect. However, presence of a characteristic rise in CO 2 levels and a burst in ethylene production in some non-climacteric fruits as well as the presence of system 2 of ethylene production point to a ubiquitous role for ethylene in fruit ripening.

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Members of the tomato LeEIL (EIN3‐like) gene family are functionally redundant and regulate ethylene responses throughout plant development

Cited by 241 publications

References 44 publications

ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE3 Is a Senescence-Associated Gene That Accelerates Age-Dependent Leaf Senescence by Directly Repressing miR164 Transcription in Arabidopsis

ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE3 Is a Senescence-Associated Gene That Accelerates Age-Dependent Leaf Senescence by Directly Repressing miR164 Transcription in Arabidopsis

The Tomato FRUITFULL Homologs TDR4/FUL1 and MBP7/FUL2 Regulate Ethylene-Independent Aspects of Fruit Ripening

The fading distinctions between classical patterns of ripening in climacteric and non-climacteric fruit and the ubiquity of ethylene—An overview

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