“…In general, membrane rupture results from physical damage to the structure of the membrane module. The rupture of the membrane fibres can be caused by four factors: damage by chemical attack (oxidation) (Tng et al, 2015), damage during operation resulting from faulty installation (compression) (Childress et al, 2005), damage due to the presence of foreign bodies (notching and cleavage) and damage due to a faulty membrane/module structure (stress/strain) (Akhondi et al, 2017). In addition, membrane ageing, combined with excessive fibre movement due to external loads, can also cause failure of submerged hollow fibres (HF) membranes.…”