Membrane-based zero liquid discharge: Myth or reality?

Osmotically assisted reverse osmosis (OARO): Five approaches to dewatering saline brines using pressure-driven membrane processes

“…Of the currently available desalination technologies, reverse osmosis (RO) is the most energy efficient choice, but is confined by practical issues to a maximum feedwater salinity of approximately 75 g/L (Tsai et al 2017). Being a pressure driven process, irreversible losses associated with a phase transition of the product water, which is required for achieving separation in thermal desalination processes, can be avoided (Tong & Elimelech 2016).…”

The Influence of the Counterion Nature on the Electroosmotic Transport of Free Solvent through an MK-40 Ion-Exchange Membrane

“…For the quantitative characterization of the electroosmotic flux of the solvent, the water transport number (t w , mol H 2 O/F) which is the number of moles of water transported through a membrane when 1F of electricity is passed. The water transport number was calculated according to the formula (1) where V is the volume of transported water, i is the current density, V w is the molar volume of water, S m is the membrane area, is the time, and F is the Faraday constant.…”

“…Electrodialysis concentration of electrolytes is one of the priority directions of membrane electrochemistry and technology. The demand for this process especially increased in connection with the development of zero liquid discharge (ZLD) technologies compatible with the green chemistry principles [1,2]. As opposed to the processes of electrodialysis desalination and deionization, the transport of water or other solvents through ion-exchange membranes plays the key role in the processes of electrodialysis concentration.…”

Influence of Membrane Intrusion on Permeate‐Sided Pressure Drop During High‐Pressure Reverse Osmosis

“…As the industry is increasingly forced to enhance concepts concerning water reuse and the recovery of valuable substances to strive for a wastewater‐free production , viable methods for the treatment of high osmotic solutions are required. In terms of the sustainable approach of a minimal liquid discharge, membrane‐based processing turns out to be a suitable option , . However, since RO is limited by the osmotic pressure, intensified efforts have been made to extend its applicability in this regard.…”