Membrane divided soluble lead battery utilising a bismuth electrolyte additive

Wallis, Lauren; Wills, Richard

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.026

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…This voltammogram has previously been published [12]. A similar conclusion, though to a lesser extent, can be made with Zn 2+ -containing electrolytes.…”

Section: + /Pbo 2 Couplesupporting

confidence: 84%

“…2 and width measurements presented in Table 1 0%: 0. [12], fluoride [12][13][14] and nickel(II) [4], and novel additives tin(II) oxide, EDTA, gadolinium(III) oxide, and zinc(II) oxide were compared. PVP was also studied due to its use in controlling the particle size of PbO 2 coatings [15].…”

Section: + /Pbo 2 Couplementioning

confidence: 99%

“…A detailed review of the SLFB has recently been published [11]. Dividing the cell allows for tailoring of the half cells individually [12]. This paper describes a method for mitigating against cell failure mechanisms using a separator to divide the cell.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The separator-divided soluble lead flow battery

et al. 2018

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The soluble lead flow battery (SLFB) is conventionally configured with an undivided cell chamber. This is possible, unlike other flow batteries, because both electrode active materials are electroplated as solids from a common species, Pb 2+ , on the electrode surfaces during charging. Physically separating the active materials has the advantage that a single electrolyte and pump circuit can be used; however, failure mechanisms such as electrical shorting may be observed. In addition, a common electrolyte requires that any electrolyte additives are compatible with both half-cell reactions. This paper introduces two new configurations; semi-and fully divided for the SLFB. Cationic, anionic, and microporous separators are assessed for ionic conductivity in SLFB electrolytes, showing that their incorporation adds as little as a 20 mV to the cell voltage. Voltammetry shows the effect of additives on the equilibrium potential and stripping overpotential of PbO 2 . It is then demonstrated that the incorporation of a separator into the SLFB can reduce failure due to electrical shorting and permit electrode-specific additives to be used. A unit flow cell with electrode area of 100 cm 2 is shown to operate for over 300 Ah in the semi-divided configuration, more than doubling the previously reported cycle life for cells of similar size. Graphical AbstractKeywords Soluble lead · Methanesulfonic acid · Flow battery · SLFB

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“…This voltammogram has previously been published [12]. A similar conclusion, though to a lesser extent, can be made with Zn 2+ -containing electrolytes.…”

Section: + /Pbo 2 Couplesupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: + /Pbo 2 Couplementioning

confidence: 99%

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The separator-divided soluble lead flow battery

et al. 2018

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“…There are challenges for both the half-cells in the SLFB. Whilst lead deposition and stripping is highly efficient at the negative electrode [14], it does requires a surfactant in the electrolyte to avoid the tendency to deposit rough, cauliflower-like crystal structures which can be a precursor to dendritic growth. These nodular growths are prone to being knocked off the electrode by the flowing electrolyte, leading to a loss in energy capacity, and can even grow across the side of the internal cell wall towards the positive electrode, where electrical shorting can occur if contact is made.…”

Section: Constraints On the Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developments in soluble lead flow batteries and remaining challenges: An illustrated review

Krishna

Fraser

Wills

et al. 2018

Journal of Energy Storage

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The soluble-lead flow battery (SLFB) utilises methanesulfonic acid, an electrolyte in which Pb(II) ions are highly soluble. During charge, solid lead and lead dioxide layers are electrodeposited at the negative and positive electrodes respectively. During discharge, the deposits are electrochemically dissolved back into the recirculating electrolyte. The cell is normally undivided, which greatly reduces design complexity and cost, whilst also reducing the flow pumping requirements. Typical SLFB electrolytes offer up to 40 W h kg-1 of storage, with performance on the 100 cm 2 electrode scale reaching 90% charge and 80% voltage efficiencies across 100 cycles; however the SLFB has also been tested on the 1000 cm 2 electrode, four-cell stack scale. This review considers the SLFB, highlighting important developments and discussing remaining problems. In particular, methods to achieve effective stripping of lead dioxide at the positive electrode and to prevent lead dendrites at the negative electrode in order to prevent contact between the deposits, and thus shorting, are explored. A detailed understanding of the effect of Pb(II) and methanesulfonic acid concentration on the physical electrolyte properties is presented, and possible improvements to the electrodes and electrolyte composition in terms of additives are discussed in order to improve cell efficiency and longevity. Also, the importance of cell design in preventing the failure mechanisms and therefore achieving a high performance is highlighted. Studies on mathematical modelling and cycling simulation are also reviewed. Continuing research needs are listed and a forward look to future developments is taken.

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“…This exaggerates the failure mechanisms associated with Pb 2+ depletion from the electrolyte (sludging and incomplete dissolution of electrode deposits) and mass transport effects (dendrite growth). As a result, static--electrolyte cells have a shorter cycle life compared to flowing electrolyte systems with comparable electrode area and initial electrolyte composition [23]. This allows rapid screening of different electrolyte compositions, whilst providing an indication of how the system would perform using a flowing electrolyte as improved Pb 2+ utilisation, increased reaction efficiency and more compact deposits are beneficial in both static and flowing electrolytes.…”

Section: Limiting Current: Potentiostatic Controlled Deposition and Smentioning

confidence: 99%